11-12-MIDTERM2

Question 0

WCTU

Answer 0

• Organized in 1874 in response to the midwestern women’s crusade.
• Men are not allowed to join
• Frances Willard, president from 1879 to 1899

Question 1

Victorian Domesticity

Answer 1

• Post revolutionary era to 1845
• Submissiveness and purity are virtues
• Focus on home and the Private Sphere
• Republican Motherhood
  moral authority, addressed drinking, slavery, ..

Women are different from men.
Celebrating the differences between men and women
Influence through Republican Motherhood

Question 2

2nd Industrial Revolution

Answer 2

Bigger machines, so a different kind of factory. This is the birth of the assembly line… changes how we do everything

Question 3

Reconstruction

Answer 3

• REconstruction 1865-1877
  Focused in the South
• Passage of the 14th and 15th amendment (citizenship and right to vote)
• The 14th and 15th amendments are imposed on the south
• Reconstruction was a government program
• Andrew Johnson, President… hated hierarchy of Plantation owners… let the south take care of itself
• South puts confederate leaders into power
• In 1877 was a contested election and the south and north made a compromise, the North got their president and the south will be left alone to take care of their own affairs

Question 4

The Gilded Age

Answer 4

1865-1890
“Maternal Commonwealth” in the Gilded Age
Post Civil War Time period.

Question 5

Maternal Commonwealth

Answer 5

• appealed to middle-class, Protestant women
• Agenda forwarded by the WCTU
• Women believed in their mission as moral guardians and as nurturers
• They were critical of public life in a rapidly changing, patriarchal world that endangered the lives and morals of poor, single women outside the protective embrace of middle-class families
• They created new institutions to safeguard other women’s morality and domesticity

Question 6

settlement houses

Answer 6

• Begun in 1889 with the establishment of Hull House by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
• Established in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Chicago
• Spread to most major cities
• 1890: Nearly 100 houses established, most by women
• Provided a new family, a cross between the traditional home and the college dormitory

Question 7

Jane Addams

Answer 7

• Founder of Hull House
• Wanted to do something significant with her life and education
• Conceived the idea of renting “a house in a part of the city where many primitive and actual needs are found, in which young women who had been given over too exclusively to study, might restore a balance of activity along traditional lines and learn of life from life itself.”
• “City housekeeping has failed partly because women, the traditional housekeepers, have not been consulted as to its multiform activities” (1906 NAWSA Convention)

Question 8

The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Answer 8

• The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an American women’s rights organization formed in May 1890 as a unification of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).[1] The NAWSA continued the work of both associations by becoming the parent organization of hundreds of smaller local and state groups,[2] and by helping to pass woman suffrage legislation at the state and local level. The NAWSA was the largest and most important suffrage organization in the United States, and was the primary promoter of women’s right to vote. Like AWSA and NWSA before it, the NAWSA pushed for a constitutional amendment guaranteeing women’s voting rights, and was instrumental in winning the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920.

Question 9

NWP

Answer 9

• National Women’s Party
• Successor to the Congressional Union
• to win “the final release of woman from the class of a dependent, subservient being to which early civilization committed her.
• In 1921 the NWP began a state-by-state campaign for Equal Rights Bills and in 1923 secured the first congressional hearings on the ERA, which stated “men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.”
• Radical voice within the suffrage movement
• Activities kept Suffrage in the limelight
• Galvanized radical young women who called themselves feminists in 1912-13

Question 10

Uprising of Thirty Thousand

Answer 10

• Started in Nov 22, 1909 with Clara Lemlich galvenizing a meeting and calling for the strike
• Called in the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)
• set up 20 strike halls
• Established the ILGWU as a major union.

Question 11

Feminism

Answer 11

• Began in 1912-13 with radical young women calling themselves feminists
• Heterodoxy, a New York discussion group, who’se sole requirement was not to be orthodox in her opined
• flouted convention in the name of sexual equality and self expression

Question 12

Clara Lemlich

Answer 12

• fled Russian pogroms with her family in 1903 at age 15
• acquainted with radical literature
• 1906 became a founding member of Local 25 of International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)
• Arrested 17 times during a series of walkouts
• on Nov 22, 1909 she marched to the front of the hall and calvenized workers to strike

Question 13

Ida B. Wells

Answer 13

• Galvanized the black community with her crusade against lynching in 1892
• Daughter of Mississippi slaves and a former teacher
• Edited her own newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee
• 1892: Following a brutal lynching of 3 black businessmen, she undertook an investigation and expose of the economic motives behind white violence
• Resist, she urge the black community.; demonstrate economic power with a boycott of white businesses
• defend the honor of black womanhood and manhood by exposing the fraudulent cry of “rape” with which the white community justifies its terrorism.
• started a national and international crusade against lynching and
• Played a key founding role in a series of black women’s clubs

Question 14

WTUL

Answer 14

• Women’s Trade Union League
• founded in 1903
• organized working women
• integrating working women/s concerns into the womenLs rights movement
• wealthier women came from Progressive reform–settlements, the National Consumers’s Leage, and the YWCA
• The focus on trade union organizing shifted away from the maternalism of Progressive politics with its emphasis on state action and protective legislation
• frustrated by the AFL deeply biased against women workers

Question 15

National Association of Colored Women

Answer 15

• Founded in 1896
• United more than three dozen such clubs in 12 states and Washington, D.C.
• Mary Church Terrell of NACW
• Emphasizing self-help and community responsibility
• The business of providing classes of all sorts, recreation, welfare institutions–kindergartens, orphanages, homes for the elderly and for working girls–and public health campaigns
• Trained new leadership within the black community
• Pushed male leaders, including the powerful Booker T. Washington, to fight for the rights and dignity of black women

Question 16

Carrie Chapman Catt

Answer 16

• Chaired first meeting of Woman’s Peace Party in 1915
• To create a platform for the “mother of humanity.”
• decided that the movement had too much to lose to risk opposition ot hte war despite her own prior activism in the Woman’s Peace Party
• Served ooon the Council of National Defense, an agency designed to coordinate women’s voluntary activities
• Organized a final effort to win suffrage

Question 17

Alice Paul

Answer 17

• joined the NAWSA Congressional committee in 1913 with her friend Lucy Burns
• Both Paul and Burns had lived in England and participated in the British suffrage movement–including being jailed, hunger strikes and force feeding.
• Covinsed NAWSA leaders to let them organize a suffrage parade on the day before the inauguration of President-elect Woodrow Wilson
• They set up headquarters in Washington, D.C., raised over $25,00, and began an aggressive lobbying and publicity campaign for a federal amendment.
• 5000 women stole the scene of Woodrow Wilson arriving for his inaugural on March 3, 1913. Everyone wanted to see the parade press throu a hostile crowd down Pennsylvania Avenue

Question 18

compassionate marriage

Answer 18

• Emotionally fulfilling companionship
• Acknowledged the existence of female sexuality
• stigmatized homosexuality
• romantic love, sexual pleasure

Question 19

Mary Church Terrell

Answer 19

• Oberlin College graduate
• Prominent activist
• “Self-preservation demands that [Black women] go among the lowly, illiterate and even the vicious, to whom they are bound by ties of race and sex … to reclaim them.”

Question 20

Sheppard-Towner Bill

Answer 20

• Maternal and infant health education passed by Congress in 1921
• Public health nurses under the supervision of the Children’s Bureau provide education but no direct medical services
• another way that female collective concerns and capacities gave way to a more individualized, scientific, and male-dominated profession
• opposeded by physicians who were in teh process of consolidating their newly won hegemony over medical practice (did not want nurses to function in an autonomous way outside thier direction and supervision
• By the end of the decade the funds for had been cut entireely and doctors ook over the preventive health care practices such as exams and well baby clinics pioneered by women

Question 21

ERA

Answer 21

• National Women’s Party supported ERA because women had a lot to gain
• The right to vote was not enough
• In 1921 the NWP began a state-by-state campaign for Equal Rights Bills and in 1923 secured the first congressional hearings on the ERA, which stated “men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.”

Cons

• Maternal Commonwealth/ progressive reformers
• Biological differences means that we need to be specially protected
  
  • protective legislation - we are the mothers and the future of America

Question 22

Nineteenth Amendment

Answer 22

• ratified on August 26, 1920

Question 23

The New Deal

Answer 23

chapter 9, 199p 204-205, 204-209
* Federal government assumed major responsibilities for regulating the economy and for supplying the basic needs of citizens unable to care for themselves– the poor, the unemployed, the elderly, and single mothers
*

Question 24

Eleanor Roosevelt

Answer 24

205-207,217,

• Emotional center of a network of women, the last of the settlement house/suffragists network, for the New Deal
• Helped get women into political and governmental agencies
• Bore 5 children between 1906-1916
• Spent the 20s politically active League of Women Voters, Women’s Trade Union League
• Used her position as First Lady to gain publicity for groups on the margins of society such as women, the unemployed, and blacks
• Held regular press conferences to which only female reporters were admitted
• Held a White House Conference to call attention to the invisibility of unemployed women and the discrimination against them in most relief programs
• “Take care of your families first, she told women, and included household hints, such as low-cost menus. Then, she advised, take the humane and nurturing values of the home into the world to make it a better place.”

Question 25

compare and contrast the life, goals, and projects of a working class girl and a middle-class “new woman” in the “modern era.” How did Black women’s reform efforts differ from the “New Woman”?

Answer 25

• middle-class pride in being self-supporting and found fulfillment in thier work
• young immigrant women rarely lived independent lives: contributed to the subsistence of their parents and siblings
• working class work exhausted the body and deadened the mind

THE WORKING GIRL

• The working girl became glamorized and enshrined in the 20’s instead of “unfortunate and unwomanly”
• More and more of them lived separately from their families of origin and retained a growing proportion of their earnings to spend as they pleased.
• Clerical work - white collar, respectable, and available primarily to white, native-born women, recognized a period of work outside the home in many women’s lived but separated that work from the idea of career
• Secretary as the modern working girl with the ultimate goal of marriage

THE NEW WOMAN

• • The emergence of the college-educated, frequently unmarried, and self-supporting new woman.
• Challenged conventional wisdom about women’s intellectual capacities
• Developed deep and loving bonds with both teachers and sister students.
• 1870: More than 11K women enrolled in higher education (21% of all students)
• 1880: 40K women students enrolled in higher education (32% of all students)
• Graduation gave 2 choices: Traditional domesticity of marriage or a career of paid work.

BLACK WOMEN’S REFORM EFFORTS
*

Question 26

Francis Perkins

Answer 26

205,207-208

• Became the 1st woman cabinet member: Secretary of Labor
• Completed the key leadership in this closely linked network of women in the New Deal
• Worked with Consumers’ League in her youth
• Witnessed the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire that killed 146 workers in 1911

*

Question 27

WILPF

Answer 27

• After the war the Woman’s Peace Party became Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
• Worked with LWV, Women’s Joint Congressional Committee and Daughters of the American Revolution to oppose militarism and to abolish the National Defence Act of 1920
  War Department campained against the WILPF in 1922
• 1923 office of Brigadier General Amos A Frieds , head of the Chemical Warfare Service, mailded out a chart to patriotic groups saying that “the activities of all women’s societiens and many church groups may be regarded with suspicion. implying communist control
• this resulted in women pulling away from organizations
• WILPF purged its own radical leadership includeing Crystal Eastman

Question 28

Indian Reorganization Actt

Answer 28

208-209

• Transformed government policy from one of overt suppression of traditional Indian cultures to a position advocating respect for tribal autonomy
• Encouragement of traditional religion and ceremonies
• Greater protection ofr hte integrity of Indian lands
• Newly developed tribal constitutions based on white concepts of political participation and civil rights
• produced mixed consequences for women
• Women gained new rights to vote and run for office
• Women encouraged to develop voluntary civic activities (such as clubs, parent-teacher associations, and guilds) like those of white women
• Tribal constitutions overlooked the most traditional female political rolds in tribes like the Iroquois where women as a group had deposed chiefs and exercised conciderable, if indirect, influence over major tribal decisions
• The incorporated white patriarcal assumptions about male-headed families and female dependence which disadvantaged women economically

Question 29

Council for Interracial Cooperation (CIC)

Answer 29

188-9
* Founded in 1920
* Most important interracial reform organition in the south after World War I.
* Black and white women make tentative steps towards interracial cooperation
* Pressure from black women struggling against segregation within the YWCA and white women in the Southern Nethodist Women’s Missionary Council forced the CIC to set up a women’s committee
* contacts between southern white women and black activists remained tense and difficult
* White women failed to acknowledge black women’s broad claim for “all the privileges and rights granted to American womanhood.”
I Achieved little that was concrete in the 1920s, but it initiated a new alliance of middle-class black and white women in the south.

Question 30

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL)

Answer 30

211-13
* Founded in 1930 by CIC Director of Women’s Work, Jessie Daniel Ames
* Closed to blackes form the outset
* The organiztion build its strategy around a carefully orchestrated manipulation of the image of the white southern lady
Openly repudiated violence carried out in thier name.
* Few lynching victims were evern accused of sexual assault and most lynchings were terrorist acts against blacks who encroached on the economic power of white men
* Lynching functioned as an instrument of terror against black men while reinforcing the dependency of white women and kept women “in their places” as well.

Question 31

• the significance of and different arguments involved in the ERA debate

Answer 31

• Represented another version of female individualism
• Its premise was equal treatment of the individual before the law so that working women could have “an equal chance with men to compete in the labor market for their livelihood
• NWP supporters tended to be professional women for whom the barriers to individual success and advancement in the public arena were most onerous. Their campaign effectively narrowed the feminist vision, rejecting links to other reform issues.
• Black women demanded that the NWP protest the systematic denial of voting rights to black women in southern states, Alice Paul asserted that this was a “race issue” not a “woman’s issue”
• LWV believed there was o more need for an orgainzation wpecifically concerned with women’s rights. Assumed that women would bring a nurturing sensibility and reforming vision into the political arena. Their reform vision remained rooted in politicized domesticity
• LWV (League of Women Voters) presumed that enfranchised women should be understood as individuals, citizens with a direct relationship to the state via the franchise
• LWV’s duty was to train women to be good citizens. Emphasized an issue-oriented politics based on thorough research and effective public education
• While the NWP’s (National Woman’s Party) commitment to “the removal of all forms of the subjection of women” claimed the banner to win Othe final release of woman from the class of a dependent, subservient being to which early civiliztion committed her”

Question 32

differences between the aim/goals/tactics of the women’s reform movements prior to the Civil War and during the Gilded Age (think about how the “Maternal Commonwealth” refocused/reworked Victorian ideals and domesticity)

Answer 32

answer

Question 33

how did the pushes towards science/bureaucracy/expertise affect women in the years between the Civil War and the Great Depression?

Answer 33

• Isolated women by replacing servants with electricity in the 20s…
• Midwifery was obliterated moving births into hospitals under male doctor care
• Women were not allowed into management or jobs that were unsupervised by men

Question 34

• what advancements did or did not occur for Black women during Reconstruction in the South

Answer 34

answer

Question 35

compare and contrast the reform efforts of the following groups during the Gilded Age and the Modern Era: African American women; working-class white women; middle-class white women

Answer 35

Women in the factories

• Male workers feared competition for jobs and lowered wages
• Men viewed women’s presence in the public arena as a violation of natural law
• Men demanded a family wage that allowed them to support wives
• They actively excluded women from unions

Question 36

in what ways did the larger social and cultural trends in the 1920s affect the status and roles of women?

Answer 36

• same old shit, different day
• Women wanted career and marriage and it isolated them
• Individualism undid much to reform women’s lives
• Lesbianism is declared devient

Question 37

reasons for the split in the suffrage movement after the Civil War and the split in the 1910s (between NASWA and what would become the NWP); explain what the majority of women who became involved in the suffrage movement during the Modern Era used as a justification for why women should vote

Answer 37

ASWA

• Founded by Lucy Stone and Blackwell
• Pledged support for the 15th amendment
• Women’s suffrage best achieved at the State level
• Believed that the Republicans would support women’s suffrage once blacks were enfranchised.
• Only managed a brief mention of woman suffrage in the 1872 platform. Did not resurface again until 1916
• Produced a weekly newspaper Woman’s Journal

NAWSA
founded by Stanton and Anthony
* Refused to support the 15th Amendment unless it enfranchised women
* Feared that this would be the last opportunity to have the issue on the political agenda
* Took money from racest Democrats like George Train who advocated white women suffrage as a weapon against black political power (i.e. white women could outvote blacks)
* Chose to work at the national lovel for an all-inclusive suffrage amendment, believing that state-by-state progress would be lengthy, arduous, and difficult to achieve.
* Reached out to new groups of women who had not previouslyb een touched by political struggle: teachers and journalists: women who had become active during the war through the Sanitary Commission, and others in the middle class who found the restrictions of domesticity increasingly confining.

Question 38

Molly Dewson

Answer 38

• veteran of the National Consumers’ League
• Old friend f Eleanor Roosevelt from her days in women’s Division of hte Democratic National Committee
• actively organized a grassroots base for the party
• Through Eleanor fed hundreds of women’s names to the president for eventual appointment.
• Her persistence had much to do with the placement of women in numerous key positions throughout the administration

Question 39

• effects of WWI on the suffrage movement

Answer 39

answer

Question 40

effects of the “Red Scare” on women’s reform movements after WWI

Answer 40

• Most female reformers ran into right-wing smear compaigns labeling their efforts alien and subversive
• WILPF purged its own radical leadership, including women such as Crystal Eastman, and shifted its focus from militarism to economic causes of war
• Many organizations and individuals drew back from coalitions and work with WILPF (due to Brigadier General Amos A Fries’, head of the Chemical Warfare Service, accusation “the activities of all womens societies and many church groups may be regarded with suspicion.”
• 1st National Conference on the Cause and Cure of War excluded WILPF, included LWV, American Association of University Women, the General Federation of Women’s Clubs, the YWCA, and the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Question 41

Charlotte Hawkins Brown

Answer 41

• told southern whites in a series of emotion-charged meetings “the Negro women of the South lay everything that happens to the member of her race at the door of the Southern white woman.”
• reminded them that at the final judgement white Christians would reach a hand out to God in the same way that she would, adding “I know that the dear Lord will not receive it if you are grushing me beneath your feet.”

Question 42

in what ways did the Great Depression affect the women’s rights movement and women’s day-to-day lives? Think about all classes and racial groups.

Answer 42

answer

Question 43

Mary McLeod Bethune

Answer 43

208, 211

• Negros Affairs Director for the National Youth Administration from 1936 to 1944
• Led a different network of black appointees to administrative posts
• Unofficial leader of the “Black Cabinet” (a group of black officials in federal agencies who advised Franklin Roosevelt on an infomral basis)
• A prominent black educator
• founded and served as president of Bethune-Cookman College
• A former president of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs
• Founder of the National Council of Negro Women
• Prominent in numerous other professional and civic associations
• Her network was local and national activities of black women’s church groups, clubs, and settlement houses
• Her priorities emphasize the issues of racial discrimination more than those of sex.
• “For I am my mother’s daughter, and the drums of Africa still beat in my heart. They will not let me rest while there is a single Negro boy or girl without a chance to prove his worth.”

Question 44

science - cultural construct

Answer 44

1890s
hysteria&raquo_space; Kleptos
* class protection
* thieving women must be sick as women were morally pure
Destruction of the midwifery practice
* makes men superior
* medical profession well respected: keep women out of it
Scientific Belief serves the social constructs