10-15-CH6-GildedAfeMaternalCommonwealth Flashcards

0
Q

What’s the basic time period of this chapter? Is it defined by a specific event, what are the specific dates covered?

A

1865-1890
“Maternal Commonwealth” in the Gilded Age
Post Civil War Time period.

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1
Q

What is the thesis?

A

In the battles over the 14th and 15th amendments guaranteeing citizenship and voting rights to black men, suffrage became a central issue within the movement for women’s rights as well. Female citizenship, in turn, began to take on new meanings in a world infused with racial and class conflict as well as tensions between women and men.

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2
Q

What is the “hook” story?

A

“Law me, talk about crying and singing and crying some more, we sure done it.” That was how Mary Armstrong remembered her reunion with her mother in Texas several years after the Civil War. She had searched for her since 1863 when she received her own freedom in Missouri at the are of seventeen.

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3
Q
  1. Intro What general theme does the “hook” story in the intro illustrate?
A

That life was changing rapidly. People were more mobile. And voting rights were changing for African-Americans, but not women.

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5
Q

What is the conclusion? This is located in the last couple of paragraphs and are set off of the main text with a small flag emblem. (Read this after reading the intro and before reading the sections to focus the reading)

A
  • Between 1865 and 1890 public life
  • “Woman’s sphere” was evolving in new and internally contradictory ways
  • Republican motherhood had bifurcated into two women’s movements: Republicanism fueled the demand for woman suffrage and full citizenship led by two different suffrage associations.Motherhood, as defined in Victorian domesticity, fostered a vision of maternal commonwealth, an ideology about the public importance of domestic values surfacing in temperance, women’s clubs the YWCA and the Knights of Labor.

On the other hand, expectations of domesticity had begun to change, and the cumulative impact of changing marital patterns along with women’s increased public presence generated a backlash itself in the name of domesticity

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6
Q

List the Section Headings

A

Aftermath of War: Reconstruction, Abolition, and Women’s Rights
From the WCTU to Populism: Origins of Maternal Commonwealth
Immigrant and Working-Class Women in the Industrial City
Maternal Professions and Sororal Associations

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7
Q

What are the 4 things that Evans does in her writing?

A
  1. Is she setting you up with background?
  2. Explains the why of her thesis
  3. Explains the effects of something that happens. She articulated the effects.
  4. Answers the “what” … what the major changes were
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8
Q

maternal commonwealth

A
  • appealed to middle-class, Protestant women
  • Agenda forwarded by the WCTU
  • Women believed in their mission as moral guardians and as nurturers
  • They were critical of public life in a rapidly changing, patriarchal world that endangered the lives and morals of poor, single women outside the protective embrace of middle-class families
  • They created new institutions to safeguard other women’s morality and domesticity
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9
Q

Does the section reading answer the question outlined in the intro? How does the evidence presented support the thesis?

Aftermath of War: Reconstruction, Abolition, and Women’s Rights

A
  • The creation of 2 women’s suffrage organizations sustains the suffrage movement for over 2 decades. A mention of women’s suffrage does make it into the Republican platform briefly in 1872
  • ## The Black vote prevents the white Democrats from reclaiming control of southern states and thwarting the legislative goals of Republicans in Congress.In the battles over the 14th and 15th amendments guaranteeing citizenship and voting rights to black men, suffrage became a central issue within the movement for women’s rights as well.
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10
Q

The Crop lien System

A
  • Land owners provided seed, tools and land on credit against the income of the future crop
  • That income rarely erased the debt creating another kind of slavery
  • Black sharecroppers were in perpetual debt
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11
Q

African American value of Mutuality

A
  • Turning to the community for support
  • Individualistic competition had few rewards,
  • Women played a strong and visible roles in their families and in associations
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12
Q

Freedom for African Americans

A

Among other things it meant making one’s own decisions, not taking orders from whites, sustaining an independent family life, and learning to read and write.

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14
Q

Ku Klux Klan

A
  • Stifled any independence or success achieved by African Americans
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15
Q

The subservience of african-american women

A

Northern black leaders urged that black women should be model housewives

  • Black men experienced a loss of manhood through enslavements and unemployment and female subservience within a patriarchal family furnished one symbol of its reassertion
  • In S. Carolina black leaders were urging men “to get the women into their proper place–never to tell them anything of their concerns”
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16
Q

American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) founded in 1869

A
  • Founded by Lucy Stone and Blackwell
  • Pledged support for the 15th amendment
  • Women’s suffrage best achieved at the State level
  • Believed that the Republicans would support women’s suffrage once blacks were enfranchised.
  • Only managed a brief mention of woman suffrage in the 1872 platform. Did not resurface again until 1916
  • Produced a weekly newspaper Woman’s Journal
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17
Q

National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) founded 1869

A
  • founded by Stanton and Anthony
  • Refused to support the 15th Amendment unless it enfranchised women
  • Feared that this would be the last opportunity to have the issue on the political agenda
  • Took money from racest Democrats like George Train who advocated white women suffrage as a weapon against black political power (i.e. white women could outvote blacks)
  • Chose to work at the national lovel for an all-inclusive suffrage amendment, believing that state-by-state progress would be lengthy, arduous, and difficult to achieve.
  • Reached out to new groups of women who had not previouslyb een touched by political struggle: teachers and journalists: women who had become active during the war through the Sanitary Commission, and others in the middle class who found the restrictions of domesticity increasingly confining.f
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18
Q

NWSA

A
  • Made no concession to Victorian ideals
  • Used publicity-grabbing, activist tactics.
  • 1872: Backed the presidential campaign of Victoria Woodhull, a flamboyant advocate of free love who maintained that women were already enfranchised under the 14th and 15th Amendments
  • Members of NWSA tried to vote in several communities and when refused, cast their ballots in a special box in protest
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20
Q

Industrialization of Time

A
  • Women’s lives became detached from the earth’s seasons.
  • Factory whistles sang out at hte same time regardless of weather or changes in teh sunrise or sunset
  • Train schedules imposed new “time zones” so that arrivals a nd departures could be predictable and synchronized
  • Family time diverged increasingly from industrial time as industries rationalized and routinized their procedures.
  • Time changed its meaning.
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21
Q

Woman’s Journal

A
  • Weekly newspaper by the AWSA
  • Masthead: “Devoted to the Interests of Woman, to her Education, Industrial, Legal and Political Equality and especially her right to Suffrage.”
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22
Q

How does the evidence presented support the thesis?

A

Answer

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23
Q

Does the next section apply the same tactics that you used on the first section to this section.

From the WCTU to Populism: Origins of Maternal Commonwealth

A

Answer

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24
Q

Birth of the Temperance Movement 1873-1874

A
  • Began in small midwestern towns
  • Issue had its roots in the antebellum era
  • Attacked a particular male behavior, the consumption of alcohol.
  • Eruption of the temperance issue occurred in the midst of an economic depression.
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25
Q

1st intercontinental railroad is completed in 1869

A
  • Shortened coast to coast travels form several months to several days
  • Made the east coast markets accessible to farmers in the west
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26
Q

Frances Willard

A
  • President of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) 1879-1899
  • Leading educator and former dean of Evanston College for Ladies
  • Passionate advocate of Victorian womanhood “Womanliness first–afterwards what you will”
  • Advocate of the “Home Protection Ballot” a limited suffrage demand through which “the mothers and daughters of America could participate in decisions about whether “the door of the rum shop is opened or shut beside their homes.”
  • Willard used women’s commitments to clubs and missionary societies and their social posture as moral guardians of the home to bring thousands into public, political activity for the first time.
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27
Q

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

A
  • Organized in 1874 in response to the midwestern women’s crusade.
  • Men are not allowed to join
  • Frances Willard, president from 1879 to 1899
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28
Q

Cooperative Commonwealth

A
  • 1880s
  • White and black farmers in the west and the south founded cooperatives to free themselves from the crop-lien system and the threat of peonage
  • Small farmers became visible to one another and thier collective power emboldened them to envision a social order in which cooperation and human values would claim priority
  • Mary Elizabeth Lease, an Irish woman from Kansas and mother of four who was admitted to the Kansas bar in 1886 said “What you farmers need to do is to raise less corn and more Hell.”
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29
Q

“Do Everything” Policy of the WCTU

A
  • Autonomous choices for local chapters
  • Passed in 1882 at the UCTU national convention
  • Encouraged local chapters to work on any and all issues they deemed important
  • Allowed conservative chapters to avoid issues, while unleashing the energy and creativity of militant activists
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31
Q

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A
  • Populist version of maternal commonwealth or politicized domesticity
    “Thank God we women are blameless for this political muddle you men have dragged us into… Ours is a grand and holy mission… to place the mothers of this nation on an equality with the fathers.”
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32
Q

How does the evidence presented support the thesis?

A

Answer

33
Q

Does the next section apply the same tactics that you used on the first section to this section.

Immigrant and Working-Class Women in the Industrial City

A

Answer

34
Q

Italian Work Patterns in Buffalo, NY

A
  • Italian women preferred to take in boarders

* They would send their teen-aged sons and daughters to work in factories rather than enter wage labor themselves

35
Q

1880s: A New Flood of Immigrants

A
  • Single Irish and Scandinavian women migrated alone
  • East European and Italian men only brought wives and children if they decided to stay
  • Peasant women were challenged by urban industrial lives and work
  • Placed thier highest priority on family needs, women stayed home whenever possible, shifting roles quickly according to familial necessity
  • Taking in boarders, solved the dilemma
    of families caught between low wages in working-class jobs and high urban rents- They rented to other immigrants
36
Q

Working class neighborhoods

A
  • No running water, indoor toilets or washing machines
  • Immigrant women took in boarders (see boarder story)
  • Where possible, women took in home work:
    • making garments, piecework, boxes, bread, textiles
37
Q

Black Work Patterns in Buffalo, NY

A
  • Blacks placed a very high priority on the education of children
  • Applied no stigma to working outside a home
  • Presumed that black men would face ongoing employment discrimination
  • Married women frequently worked outside, especially if it meant keeping kids in school
    *
38
Q

Appalachian White Women

A
  • transferred a family economy where everyone worked to the mill towns in the 1880s
  • Mill owners paid wages designed to be sufficient only if several family members worked in the mills
  • Children as young as five or six worked in the lint-filled spinning mills
  • mothers rose early to back bread, tend gardensand stayed up late to make garments after working their own 12-hour shifts
39
Q

New Kinds of White-Collar Women

A
  • Clerical and Sales work
  • Neither field employed many women in 1870
  • By 1900 women were more than 1/3 of all clerical workers (by 1920 were in the majority.”
  • Stenographer and typing work had no links to management careers
  • sales jobs required education and basic arithmetic skills
  • Provided new opportunities for women outside of teaching
40
Q

Working Class Women’s Wages

A

In the late 1880s:

  • Women made about half what men made
  • Average weekly wage for urban women was $5.24, adjusted for layoff and illness
  • Average weekly expenses were about $5.51
42
Q

Invention of the typewriter

A
  • Produced by E. Remington and Sons beginning in 1873
  • By 1886 Remington was making 1,500 per month
  • In 1887 a business journal noted that “Five years ago the typewriter was simply a mechanical curiosity. Today its monotonous click can be heard in almost every well-regulated business establishment in the country. A great revolution is taking place, and the typewriter is at the bottom of it.”
43
Q

Does just thinking about the significance of these titles give you any indication of how you’re going to answer the main question and how Sara Evans is going to support her thesis?

In the battles over the 14th and 15th amendments guaranteeing citizenship and voting rights to black men, suffrage became a central issue within the movement for women’s rights as well.

A

I suspect there is a transformation of what motherhood means. I also think that the actions of women’s suffrage movement will be a huge shift in women’s roles in society and the public sphere.

Aftermath of War: Reconstruction, Abolition, and Women’s Rights
From the WCTU to Populism: Origins of Maternal Commonwealth
Immigrant and Working-Class Women in the Industrial City
Maternal Professions and Sororal Associations

44
Q

Women in the factories

A
  • Male workers feared competition for jobs and lowered wages
  • Men viewed women’s presence in the public arena as a violation of natural law
  • Men demanded a family wage that allowed them to support wives
  • They actively excluded women from unions
45
Q

Daughters and Knights of St. Crispin

A
  • Labor unions formed by the Shoemakers of Lynn, MA
  • Led two major strikes in 1863 and 1869
  • initiated a short-lived cooperative laundry
  • Fought to keep their work in factories rather than allowing it to be done outside at cheap piecework rates
  • When members of the Dauthers were fired in 1871, the Knights struck in sympathy and a national labor newspaper editorialized in their favor: “Have women the right to form protective associations? … It is her inalienable right, and in asswerting it the American Daughter thus reiterated the spirit and independence of the Mother an dSire of ‘76.”
58
Q

Cooperative commonwealth

A
  • Anti-capitalist without being anti-industrial
  • Baking and food cooperatives in the tenements stretch dollars
    *
59
Q

Knights of Labor

A
  • 1880s
  • One of only 3 national unions that accepted women members
  • Organized through workplace, associations, family, fraternal and sororal , kindship and religious associations
    8 organized factory workers, domestics, housewives such that women didn’t have to choose between work and home.
  • Chartered approximately 230 mixed locals with membership extimated in 1887 to include 65,000 women
  • Emphasis on cooperatives as an alternative to the wage system (women felt cooperation akin to domestiv values
  • They were anti capitalist without being either anti-industrial or socialist
    Espoused both Victorian domestic idea na d equal rights of working women
  • 2 bad and violent strikes for the 8 hour workday ended the Knights of Labor
60
Q

Victorian obsession with privacy

A
  • separate bedroom for each child
  • separation of family spaces: parlors, sewing, music, breakfast, dining , sleeping
  • Labor to maintian houses relegated to domestic servents
61
Q

Does the section reading answer the question outlined in the intro? How does the evidence presented support the thesis?

Maternal Professions and Sororal Associations

A

Answer

62
Q

Growing Urban Middle classes

A
  • work outside the home, yourhful autonomy, and maternal commonwealth
  • devoted primarily to the elaboration of a life-style focused on domesticity and motherhood
  • ideology of separate sphere cold now be realized more fully than every
  • decreast in fertility change average # of childres from 7-8 in 1800 down to 4-5 in 1875
  • women married later
  • Availability of bakeries, laundries, ready-made closthes, plumbing, cooking stoves, iceboxes reduced the amount of physical labor required for food prep and clothing maintneance
  • women’s time devoted to emotional and physical care of children
63
Q

Higher Education for Women

A
  • To be experts in their own arenas women needed higher education
  • Vassar College (1860s)
  • Smith and Wellsley colleges in teh 1870s
  • Radcliffe College in the 1890s
  • From 1860s western states colleges and universities were co-ed
  • Sophia Smith, founder of Smith Colelge state: It is not my design to render my sex any the less Feminine, but to develop as fully as may be the powers of womanhood, and furnish women with the means of usefulness, happiness and honor, now withheld from them.”
64
Q

Women’s Magazines

A
  • Women’s Home Companion 1873
  • Ladies Home Journal (1883)
  • Ladies Home Journal (1883)
  • Good Housekeeping (1885)
  • They advised and educated the modern housewife
65
Q

Womens club movement

A
  • began in 1868 with the formation
  • Sorosis started by professional women angry that they could not attend a dinner for British author Charles Dickens at the New York Press Club
  • expressed the unmet needs of middle-class women
  • Provided cultural events
66
Q

middle-class women

A
  • period of autonomy between childhood and marriage
  • empahsize therm capacities and thier solidarity as women
  • Scientists continued t proclaim that wome’s smaller brains could not withstand the rigors of higher education and theat theier reproductive capacities would be harmed by too much thinking
67
Q

Boston’s Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA)

A
  • Founded in 1867 to help young, single women migrating to cities for work
  • Set out to meet “the temporal, moral, and religious welfare of young women who are dependent on their own exertions for support
  • Established boarding homes for young women of “good character”
  • In effect, they focused their concern on “white, native-born women dispossessed of their status by the need or desire to work.”
  • Had rigid rules and constant oversight
68
Q

Association of Collegiate Alumnae (ACA

A
  • Founded in 1882 to fill the personal and intellectual void many experienced after the intensity of sisterhood and intellectual life in colleges
  • Proved both female community and an opportunity to “help raise the standards of female education.”
  • They worked to improve their own salaries
  • To counteract popular ideas that education went against female nature
  • Provide the first fellowships specifically for women who aspired to do graduate work abroad
69
Q

Education of African-American Women

A
  • Lucy Laney and Charlotte Hawkins Brown led in the establishment of educational institutions for black women
70
Q

Prison Reform

A
  • Organized in response to the growing female prison population
  • They advocated in ideology of gender solidarity in which middle-class women should work in behalf of their less fortunate “sisters”
  • Demanded separate prison facilities for women and the presence of prison matrons rather than male guards
  • separatism became a strategy supporting the creation of specifically female public institutions, a middle-class version of maternal commonwealth
71
Q

Midwives

A
  • thousands of midwives functioning in almost complete challenge to the emerging medical hierarchy
72
Q

Other female professions

A
  • Were only embryonic before the 1890s
  • Librarians, social workers, music teachers
  • All understood to embody domestic virtues albeit in public roles
  • For the first time, a lifetime of economic independence was a viable choice for unmarried women in the education middle class
73
Q

Working and/or farming African American women

A
  • According to one former slave, women “do double duty, a man’s share in the field, and a woman’s part at home.
  • They do any kind of field work, even ploughing, and at home the cooking, washing, milking, and gardening.
74
Q

liberal divorce laws and Fertility rates

A
  • Horace Greeley predicted that “easy divorce” would destroy American “blasted by the mildew of unchaste mothers and dissolute homes.”
  • by the 1870s there were falling fertility rates, indicating deliberate family planning in middle-class families: led to the enactment of a series of laws against abortion and “obscenity,O which was defined to include information about contraception
75
Q

The development of the nursing profession

A
  • In 1873, the first training schools for nurses opened in Bellevue Hospital in NYC, Mass General Hospital in Boston, Conn Hospital in New Haven
  • By 1890 there were 35 nursing schools
  • alumnae began to organize associations to work toward standardized training
  • Expanded research hospitals created a great demand for trained nurses
76
Q

What is the Title of this Chapter?

A

“Maternal Commonwealth” in the Gilded Age 1865-1890

77
Q

How does the evidence presented support the thesis?

A

Answer

78
Q

Reconstruction 1865-1877

A
  • REconstruction 1865-1877
    Focused in the South
  • Passage of the 14th and 15th amendment (citizenship and right to vote)
  • The 14th and 15th amendments are imposed on the south
  • Reconstruction was a government program
  • Andrew Johnson, President… hated hierarchy of Plantation owners… let the south take care of itself
  • South puts confederate leaders into power
  • In 1877 was a contested election and the south and north made a compromise, the North got their president and the south will be left alone to take care of their own affairs
79
Q

Gilded Age 1870s - 1890s

A

2nd Industrial Revolution
Electricity comes into play and powers this Industrial Revolution
* Production is must more extensive
* Heavy machinery
* railroad ties
* Steel comes into being
* Moved from crude oil to gasoline
* “Gilded Age” came from a book by Mark Twain… to the outside it looks great, but its rotten to the core…
* Economic production, heavy industry, and monopolies
* Era of the Robber Barons
2) Leads to economic inequality; an increasing distance between the wealthy and the poor; The 1% vs. the 99%
3) By political corruption
* Congress was in the pocket of big business
* It was explicit… no one hid this
* Government was not for the people, it was for big business

80
Q

Freedman’s Bureau

A
  • Rebuild schools and hospitals

* Make sure former slaves were paid wages

81
Q

Freed persons in the south idea of freedom/labor or work

A
  • Freedman’s Bureau: Free labor ideology
    • In a a free market, a person’s ability to make a living and prosperity depends upon your own will and inititive
    • mutuality; communal responsibility, collective consciousness; your prosperity was tied to communal prosperityHow does the evidence presented support the thesis?
    • Family over than material wealth
    • Women still couldn’t vote… african american women didn’t see it that way, the idea of collective consciousness led the women to see their men (brothers and husbands) representing their vote… they told their men how to vote. Right to vote was a communal responsibility
82
Q

John De Forest, Freedman’s Bureau agent in South Carolina

A
  • Lamented the freedpersons’ tendency to care for (in his words) “a horde of lazy relatives and neighbors, thus losing a precious opportunity to get ahead on their own.”
  • Aunt Judy was an example of someone who was poor and took in an unrelated sick woman and cared for her
83
Q

maternal commonwealth

A
  • extending republican motherhood moves into the public/political spheres
  • taking care of society from the moral high ground
  • Taking the moral critique of society’s values and applying it
  • moral critique of excess of industrialization and political corruption
  • Women will clean up the lack of morality in any given sphere
    if we have the moral authority, we need to apply it to the problems of the public sphere
  • Women make their arguments based on the differences between men and women, not based on equality
84
Q

Labor Activism > Working class concept of Maternal Commonwealth

A
  • Knights of Labor
  • Allowed women, blacks, and unskilled workers to join
  • Cooperatives
  • Women still make their case of entering the public sphere based on gender differences… women have communal values… victorian domesticity
  • Bringing domesticity to the public sphere
85
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

“The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with us today measures the change that has come with civilization. This change, however, is not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial.”

  • If you are poor, its your own damn fault
  • Why not pay workers more: “Well, if I pay them more, they will waste that money. If I keep the money I will make society a better place.”
86
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Survival of the fittest

87
Q

William Graham Sumner

A
  • “liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest” OR

* “non-liberty, equality, survival of the fittest”