10-8-Mindterm 1

Question 0

Plains Indians

Answer 0

Organized activities by gender, or by type such as some animals men did the tanning and some women did the tanning… gender cooperation…
* Horses transformed the Plains tribes and their hunting

Question 1

Iroquois Indians

Answer 1

• Iroquois have a woman as the source in their creation story
• Women represented the apex of female political power: The land was theirs. Controlled the economic organization of their tribe
• The matrons nominated council elders and deposed chiefs.

Question 2

Double Woman Dreamer

Answer 2

The Lakota believed that dreams of the Double Woman caused women to behave in aggressive masculine ways. “They possessed the power to cast spells on men and seduce them. They were waid to be very promiscuous, to live alone, and on occasion to perform the Double Woman Dreamer ceremony publically.”

Question 3

Coverture

Answer 3

• Colonial Times and English Law
• A wife is ‘covered’ by her husband. She had no independent legal standing. She could not own property or sign contracts, she did not own the wages that she earned. Colonial times
• “Husband and wife are one person in law, that is, the very being or legal existence of the woman is suspended during the marriage, or at least is incorporated and consolidated into that of the husband; under whose wing, protection, and cover, she performs every thing; and it therefore called… a feme covert.”

Question 4

Ann Hutchinson

Answer 4

1636-1638
* Midwife
* Follower of John Cotton. Nurse and midwife.
* Started her own meetings to interpret the sermons of her mentor John Cotton
Shut down for questioning male authority. Colonial times

Question 5

“Pretty Gentlewoman” and “Lady”

Answer 5

2 sentence key points with dates

Question 6

Fictive Kin

Answer 6

The power of kinship as a source of definition for community and mutual obligation was reflected in the development of numerous “fictive kin” relationships modeled on kinship and treated as if they were kinship relations.

Question 7

First Great Awakening

Answer 7

1730s-1740s. Religious revival movement starting in england offered women and ministers, in thier different ways an opportunity to reassert their influence and win men back to the church. Most converts males whose female relatives were church members.

Invovled emotional expressiveness and a submission to God’s will and grace that white colonial culture increasingly defined as feminine.

Question 8

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 8

1692. Young girls claim to be bewitced and tortured and to accuse women on the margins of Salem society. Trials ended when prominent individuals were accused. Several of the girls admitted to making the whole thing up.

Question 9

Enlightenment Theories

Revolutionary Era 1776-1780s

Answer 9

• Belief in individual capacities and merit
• The State’s legitimacy rests on the consent of the governed
• All power is derived from the people
• Liberty is everyone’s birthright
• The future of such government lay with the “virtue” of its citizens

Question 10

Republicanism

Answer 10

• See Enlightenment Principles
• Every statement implicitly assumed that women were the exception
• Revolutionary Erap

Question 11

Republican motherhood

Answer 11

• Her patriotic duty to educate her sons to be moral and virtuous citizens
• Republican motherhood directed women’s political consciousness back into the home
• Sown the sentimenalization of domestic duties
  1780s: The idea of republican motherhood stimulated the debate on the edcation of women

Question 12

Second Great Awakening

Answer 12

1820-1845 antebellum era

• Reached its apex in the 1820s
• Spread of Universalism
• They indite men about the double standard
• There is the creation of the idea of Sisterhood

Question 13

Judith Sargent Murray

Answer 13

• 1790. “On the Equality of the Sexes” Murray pondered whether men were, in fact, mentally superior to women.
• Writer who argued that women’s only disability lay in their lack of education.
  Her focus was directed toward the transformation rather than the elimination of women’s traditional roles.

Question 14

The Grimke sisters

Answer 14

Public Years: 1835-1839
Sarah and Angelina Grimke were the first, and it seems likely the only, women of a slaveholding family to speak and write publicly as abolitonists. They were the 1st women agents of the American Anti-Slavery Society to tour widely and to speak to audiences of men and women. They were the 1st women to defend their rights AS WOMEN to free speech.
How could women discharge their moral duty while remaining silent on the fundamental more dilemma of our time?

Question 15

Utopian Communities

Answer 15

During the 1830s, utopian communities began to experiment with new forms of sexual relations which challenged the male/female, public/private dichotomy. Utopians sought to demonstrate new models of cooperative human relationship: Only a few took the additional step of challenging conventional gender roles in the name of thier communitarian goals.

Question 16

Catherine Beecher (1800-1878)

Answer 16

• Believed in women’s submission of the will to the relationship of the sexes
• Insisted on women’s moral superiority and Women’s moral mission
• Her Stated Mission: To unite American women in an effort to provide a Christian education ofr 2,000,000 children in our country.”
• Advocated for domesticity
• Educator who opened the Hartford Female Seminary in 1823
  Whatever we do, is the expression of the domesticity sphere… wherever you go, whatever you do is naturally ‘private’

Question 17

American Female Moral Reform Society

Answer 17

• Created in May 1834 in the Third Presbyterian Church of New York City
• organized against prostitution, the double standard, and other forms of licentiousness.
• 400 chapters in 10 years

Question 18

Garrisonians

Answer 18

1832: In conclusion, William Lloyd Garrison incorporates his themes of anti-constitutionalism, the supremacy of God’s law and succession from the South in “The Great [Constitutional] Crisis” to appeal to his fellow New Englanders to join him in his calls for immediate abolitionism.

Question 19

Fanny Wright

Answer 19

1830s
Advocated for the right to vote for women.
Wright became the first woman in America to edit a journal, initially the Harmony Gazette, and after moving to New York City in 1829, The Free Enquirer. She also became the first American woman to give a popular lecture series before an audience of men and women.

Question 20

Mill girls

Answer 20

• 1830s
• Respectable Farmers Daughters entered the labor force
• The ‘Mill Girls’ were the first to organize for better wages and working conditions. They formed the basis of the first labor unions. Mill Girls also questioned handing over their wages to their fathers.

Question 21

First Industrial Revolution

Answer 21

The changes are driven by economicsHow do we make people * 1770s
How to incur the value of communal good?
* Competition, material gain, cutthroat was for men
* Women were to be protected and would embody the opposite
* Home becomes a safe haven for the man…
* Chastity is a big deal for the 1st time…

Question 22

Victorian Domesticity

Answer 22

• Post revolutionary era to 1845
• Submissiveness and purity are virtues
• Focus on home and the Private Sphere
• Republican Motherhood

Question 23

Lowell Female Reform Association

Answer 23

1844: The Massachusetts legislature formed a committee to consider the 10-hour day: Sarah Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. They petitioned and lost. Got a legislator defeated in an election. Set the stage for labor organization and political action.

Question 24

Shakers

Answer 24

Mother Ann Lee founder of the Shakers, advocated celibacy to relieve women of the pain and danger of childbirth and the grief caused by infant deaths. Shakers believed that the end of the world was near. Mothe Lee was believed to be the second coming of Christ. By the 1830s there were 18 Shaker communities.
* Asserted that God had a dual nature

Question 25

Sarah Winnemucca

Answer 25

• Paiute (1844?-91)
• Wrote an autobiography “Life Among the Paiutes”
• Ardent reformer, a traveling lecturer, and an educator akin to the Grimke sisters.
• Befriended influential women in the East to forward her cause of securing aid for her tribe, and making headway on the govt fulfilling their promises/treaty agreement

Question 26

New York Children’s Aid Society

Answer 26

• With a shift towards male leadership, in the eyes of men, poor women were not “fallen sisters” but “failed women.” They bore the blame for direty, ill-clad street children, because they did not remain at home, teaching their children the values and behaviors prescribed by Catharine Beecher.
• 1854-60: Had a policy of placing children in rural foster homes and sending them by the train car full to the midwest. Paced with the expectation that middle-class homes in the west would serve as agents of regeneration.

Question 27

The Great Strike of 1860

Answer 27

Shoemakers of Lynn organized the greatest strike pre-Civil War. “American Ladies Will Not Be Slaves! Give Us A Fair Compensation And We Labor Cheerfully”

Question 28

Paiute Indians

Answer 28

• Lives completely changed between late 1840s to 1859
• By 1859 non-whites outnumbered Paiutes in their own homeland.
• Rapes were the cause of 2 wars with the Paiutes
• White men used rape as part of conquest
• Paiutes incorporated a process to avoid rape and gang rape of the women

Question 29

Susan B. Anthony

Answer 29

She started as a teacher and temerance-abolition activist. A brilliant organizer who teamed up with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a charismatic speaker. She enabled Stanton to continue her activism during a complex domestic life. 1853, left the temperance movement for women’s rights.

Question 30

Lucy Stone

Answer 30

A prominent aboltionist and supporter of women’s rights.

• Married in 1857 and kept her name. Rejected male dominion over wife.
• Co-Leader of the American Woman Suffrage Association: Pledged support for the 15th Amendment

Question 31

Seneca Falls

Answer 31

Women’s Rights Declaration
Seneca Falls, NY July 19-20, 1848
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Question 32

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Answer 32

• Put together the Women’s Rights Declaration with Mary Ann McClintock and Susan B Anthony in 1848 (Women’s Rights Convention, Seneca Falls, July 19-20, 1848
• 1854: Stanton delivered the first major speech by a woman in the New York legislature, while both Anthony and Rose spoke to a variety of the legislative committees.

Question 33

Harriet Tubman

Answer 33

1849: A slave in the eastern shore of Maryland in 1849 when she excaped to Philadelphia in safety. For more than a decade Tubman returned again and again to guide slave to freedom on the Underground Railroad.

Question 34

Describe the basic cultural characteristics of the Puritans, and their beliefs on divorce; explain when/why/if their views changed.

Answer 34

• The Puritans came to live a godly life.
• Women had informal power to keep their society in check… the power of gossip
• Initially it was a divorce-less society, but changed to allow for adultery (for men) and sexual inability (for women) as cause for divorce
• 1667 Be it enacted that no bill of divorce shall be granted to any man or woman, lawfully married, but in case of adulter, or fraudulent contract, or wilful desertion for three years wtih total neglect of duty; or in case of seven years absence of one party not heard of: after due enquiry is made, and the matter certified to the superior court, in which case the other party may be deemed and accounted single and unmarried. And in that ccase, and i all other cases aforementioned, a bill of divorce may be granted by the superior court to the aggrieved party who may then lawfully marry or be married again.

Question 35

The Sanitary Commission

Answer 35

Formed in the North, at the beginning of the Civil War
* Functioned as the Central Agency that
Coordinated the Associations formed to assist in the war effort
* Raised over $15 million worth of supplies during the war

Question 36

Explain the different reasons why European women migrated to America: how were the major regions in which they settled different, and what effect did these differences have on their lives?

Answer 36

long, dense answer with dates

• As endentured servants in the South… One in Five ended up in court and pregnant.
• Came over as Puritans
• Came over to settle with husbands and families
• Came over as slaves

Question 37

Compare and contrast genderal roles in Native American society vs. European society

Answer 37

In the Iroquois Tribes, women held the property and controlled the food. Women in European society had no power over their lives. They could not choose whom they married.

Question 38

Sojourner Truth

Answer 38

1851: Former slave and public speaker. “Aren’t I a woman?”

Question 39

Describe the legal status of women in colonial America; describe the changing ways in which the colonists viewed the institution of marriage, and why these changes occured.

Answer 39

long, dense answer with dates
* Married women had no right to property. No right to their own wages.
*

Question 40

Use specific examples to describe the way in which European contact changed life for specific groups of Native American in the years between 1600 and 1865

Answer 40

long, dense answer with dates

• Republican Motherhood and the disenfranchisement of native women- Cant vote or own property
• Culture of Rape as described in I know what an Indian Woman can do - Paiutes
• Diseases decimated Indian populations

Question 41

Describe the differences between the living/work conditions of different African communities in the colonial era (Deep South, Chesapeake, etc.); what different cultures arose in the areas and why the differences?

Answer 41

Where the proportion of slaves was extremely high and the numbers of white women very low, as in South Carolina, liaisons between white men and black women were common and occasionally even consensual.

• In the slave quarters, huts were clustered together communally, housing a variety of familial arrangements, two- and one-parent household with children on various combinations of unrelated people who treated one another as if they were related.
• Domestic activity in the early mornings, evenings and holdays involved beating or grinding corn into meal, cultivating small plots of corn, cooking over an open fire in rude pots and pans furnished by the master, laundering clothes, carrying water from a well for cooking and laundry, and maintaining a small household furnished with straw beds and barrels for seats.
• Many black slave women experienced the sharp pain of family separation as eastern planters sold slaves to others moving west, and they began to learn the arduous labor of planting, hoeing and picking cotton.

Question 42

Describe the different birthing statistics between white women and enslaved women in colonial Virginia; what kind of educated guesses can we make regarding why these differences occurred?

Answer 42

Slave women bore an average of nine children, giving birth every twenty-seven to twenty-nine months. 2/3 of the black births in King William Parish occurred between February and July, while white women bore their children in the fall and early months. February to July are the hardest labor times for slaves.

Question 43

Explain how enlightenment thought and republican theories led to the Revolution and affected women’s status in American society.

Answer 43

• Rejected notions of rights rooted in inherited wealth or position and believing in individual capacities and merit
• Educated citizens became the foundation of a rational and just republican social order
  *Liberty is everyone’s birthright
• Everyone should possess, indirectly, and through the medium of his representatives, a voice in the public councils
• Women were implicitly the exception to this
  *

Question 44

In what ways did the first industrial revolution affect the status of women?

Answer 44

Women moved off the farms and into the cities and worked in Factories. The Mill Girls began to organize for fair wages and began to question turning over their wages to husbands and fathers.

• Increase in prostitution.
• Public work = wages and housework became devalued.
• Middle class women left the workforce and stayed home.

Question 45

Describe the differences between southern and northern, lower and middle/upper class white women during the antebellum period.

Answer 45

• Northern women formed associations and took on abolition, moral reform in the attack of the double standard, and prostitution.
• Southern women became increasingly isolated on plantations, and a growing focus on female chastity existed side by side with male sexual access to black women.
• Growing Middle class in the north that fueled the associations with very little middle class women in the South
• Women were starting to speak in public

Question 46

Describe the ways in which the American Revolution affected women’s day-to-day lives during the crisis leading up to the war, during the war itself, and in the aftermath of the war. Consider whether this was the same for different racial and economic groups of women.

Answer 46

• Women were enlisted to carry out the boycotts before the war, and they did all they could during the Revolutionary war. They spun wool, they made herbal teas, and they employed american goods and services into their lives.
• Women led food riots. And they regularly protested economic injustices.
• Lower class women especially participated in the boycotts.

Question 47

Describe the effect of Victorian domesticity on non-white, non-middle class women.

Answer 47

long, dense answer with dates

• Poor women could have their children taken because the children weren’t raised in the principles of Republican motherhood.
• Indian women lost their voice and power and the vote in their tribes.

Question 48

When and why did a sexual double standard develop as well as the emphasis on female chastity?

Answer 48

During the Antebellum Era women took on the belief in thier moral superiority. They attacked the double standard employed by men towards sexual activity with women. They spoke about female chastity as a sign of purity and moral superiority. This led to the decline of illegitimate births…

Question 49

How did the age of association/volunteerism affect women’s roles?

Answer 49

• Middle class women became increasingly involved in volunteerism.
• Female Academies formed to educate women such that they will be good republican mothers…
• Women were hired to educate in the frontier
• Women became good at activism

Question 50

Explain the development of the “public” and “private” spheres and its effect on women; what caused this development in the North and the South?

Answer 50

The development of the private spheres answered the woman problem and involved women developing the content of Republican Motherhood and the private Sphere.
* While Northern women organized to enforce a single standard of sexual behavior on men, sourther whites demonstrated a singular obsession with female chastity especially before marriage. “One planter observed in 1827 that “the only security a husband has is found in the purity of his wife’s character before her marriage.” Such wives, whose lives could be ruined by the slightest implication of impropriety, lived with the knowledge that their husbands, fathers, and sons had constant sexual access to the black women they owned.
* In the south, white women were rigidly separated from public power and action.
Both white and black free women initiate organized benevolence and found within churches an environment in which they could organize themselves with reltive autonomy… middle classes were too small in the south to be significant and the catalyst of social reform was suppressed.

Question 51

Describe the African-American culture that arose in slave communities by the Civil War period; explain the differences between black and white Americans’ beliefs about sexual practices, gender roles, religion, and the role of the family.

Answer 51

Song and religion. Fictive kinship.

• Whites were caught up in Victorian values
• Blacks supported women as the heart of the family. Religion was a mixture of christianity and other influences left alone by their masters.
• Fictive kinship created a sense of family.

Question 52

Describle the ways in which the Civil War affected women’s day-to-day lives during the crisis leading up to the war, during the war itself, and in the aftermath of the war. Consider whether this was different for different racial and economic groups.

Answer 52

• Among white women in the south, they were forced to take on the enforcement of the institution of slavery. Slaves did their best to be free…
• Women of the north did massive fundraising to help the war effort. Abolitionist Activism and activism in general became part of the defining of the private sphere for middle-class women.
• Freed black communities were formed.