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Cat B- Mod 11 Aircraft Systems > 11.5.2 Instruments- Gyroscopes > Flashcards

11.5.2 Instruments- Gyroscopes Flashcards

1
Q

What indicators use gyros?

A

Attitude indicator
Vertical Gyros
Directional Gyro
Rate gyro

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2
Q

What does a universally mounted gyro consist of?

A

Rotor, inner and outer gimbals mounted in a frame

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3
Q

What does gyro stability depend on?

A

Mass
Rotational speed
Distance between axis and COM

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4
Q

What is the XX axis?

A

Spinning

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5
Q

What is the YY axis?

A

Tilting

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6
Q

What is the ZZ axis?

A

Veering

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7
Q

What dictates the degrees of freedom?

A

Number of gimbals

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8
Q

What happens if you apply a force to the direction of the gyro axis?

A

Will cause it to move in that direction, but will not change the direction of the gyro axis.

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9
Q

What is an AI?

A

Attitude Indicator- position to horizon

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10
Q

What is a VG?

A

Vertical Gyro- provides indication for Attitude Director Indicator

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11
Q

What is a DG?

A

Directional Gyro- signal for Horizontal Situation Indicator and RMI

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12
Q

What gyros do modern glass cockpit aircraft use?

A

Electronic gyros such as laser gyros.

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13
Q

What speed must gyros rotate at to have stability?

A

22,000 RPM

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14
Q

What three ways can a gyro be classified?

A

Degrees of freedom
Spin axis orientation
Type

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15
Q

How is the degrees of freedom dictated?

A

Number of gimbals

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16
Q

When is classification by spin axis orientation used?

A

If the gyro is mounted with its spin axis either horizontally or vertically.

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17
Q

What is a free (space) gyro?

A

Has two degrees of freedom in three axis.

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18
Q

What is a tied gyro?

A

Similar to a free gyro but an external restriction is applied which controls the orientation of the spin axis.

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19
Q

Which indicator uses a tied gyro?

A

DG

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20
Q

What is an earth gyro?

A

The spin axis is constrained by the earths gravity, it has two degrees of freedom.

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21
Q

What instrument uses an earth gyro?

A

Attitude Indicator

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22
Q

What is an earth gyro a sub type of?

A

Tied Gyro

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23
Q

What is a rate gyro?

A

One degree of freedom, constrained to measure the rate of rotation in one plane.

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24
Q

What are rate gyros used for?

A

Turn coordination.

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25
Q

What two properties of a rotor rely on its angular momentum?

A

Rigidity and Precession

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26
Q

What is a displacement gyro?

A

Three axis and two degrees of freedom, the rotor orbits the x axis.

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27
Q

What is rigidity?

A

A gyroscopes ability to maintain its axis while pointing in a fixed direction.

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28
Q

What does rigidity cause?

A

A gyros axis of rotation to maintain a fixed direction in space if no force is applied.

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29
Q

What three factors effect rigidity?

A

Mass of rotor
Speed of rotation
Distance at which mass acts from centre.

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30
Q

Why are electrically driven gyros designed to use AC?

A

To avoid commutators and brush gear that need constant servicing.

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31
Q

The further the mass of the rotor from the axis of spin the ……? rigidity will be for the given speed?

A

Greater

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32
Q

What does a dished rotor exhibit?

A

Greater rigidity than a uniform wheel of the same design.

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33
Q

What is precession?

A

Applying a force that tries to tilt the gyro axis causes the gyro to react by shifting 90 degrees.

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34
Q

When precession is considered, if a aircraft tail is lifted what happens to the nose?

A

It turns left.

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35
Q

Is precession inversely proportional to the rotor speed?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What is the rate of precession formula?

A

Torque divided by inertia x speed

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37
Q

What is gyro wander?

A

Any deviation from a fixed direction when force is applied to the spin axis.

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38
Q

What two types of wander are there?

A

Drift and topple

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39
Q

What is gyro drift?

A

Occurs when the spin axis moves in a horizontal plane.

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40
Q

What is gyro topple?

A

Occurs when the spin axis moves in a vertical plane.

41
Q

What is the name for severe and, usually, rapid misalignment when a gimbal limit stop is reached?

A

Topple

42
Q

What causes real wander?

A

Result of any force that causes the gyro to precess.

43
Q

What is real wander?

A

Actual movement of the spin axis caused by engineering imperfections, such as friction and unbalance.

44
Q

Real drift occurs in which axis?

A

Vertical

45
Q

Real topple occurs in which axis?

A

Horizontal

46
Q

What is the rate of apparent drift at the poles?

A

15 degrees an hour

47
Q

What is the formula for apparent drift?

A

15 degrees x the sine of latitude divided by hour

48
Q

What is the formula for apparent topple?

A

15 degrees x cosine of latitude divided by hour

49
Q

What ensures the rate of apparent drift is accurate?

A

If the gyro is at a fixed location.

50
Q

How is the total effect of topple eliminated?

A

Erection system

51
Q

How does the erection system work?

A

Uses the Earth’s gravity as a reference signal; this is detected using a moving mass, e.g., a pendulum, or liquid level switches.

52
Q

What two categories of gyro wander fall under real wander?

A

Real drift/topple.

53
Q

The attitude indicator gyro indicates what around the longitudinal axis?

A

Degree of bank

54
Q

The attitude indicator gyro indicates what around the lateral axis?

A

Pitch

55
Q

How many degrees of bank is a standard rate turn?

A

15

56
Q

What does the caging knob do?

A

To adjust the wings up or down to align with the horizon bar.

57
Q

In small aircraft with pneumatic drive gyros what is the suction regulated too, to avoid gyro overspeed?

A

5 inHg

58
Q

What does an electrical drive system consist of?

A

Three phase Squirrel cage induction motor

59
Q

What is the actual gyro speed of an electrical gyro when taking into account the slip of 6%?

A

22,500 RPM

60
Q

In an electric drive gyro where are the torque motors located in relation to another?

A

90 degrees to each other.

61
Q

What is a torque motor?

A

Squirrel cage motor

62
Q

What two windings does a torque motor rotor have?

A

Reference winding and control winding.

63
Q

In electrical gyro’s what erection rate is available when the gyro is switched on after a long power interruption?

A

20 degrees per minute

64
Q

When an aircraft is holding why do they take on the racetrack pattern?

A

To allow the erection system enough time after each turn to correct the topple.

65
Q

A laser gyro uses what to provide similar function to mechanical gyro’s?

A

Sagnac Effect beams of light.

66
Q

What does RLG (Ring laser gyro) installation form part of?

A

Inertial reference system.

67
Q

How many RLG’s are there and how are they installed?

A

3, at right angles to one another

68
Q

What is meant by coherent when describing a laser?

A

Wavelengths are in phase in space and time.

69
Q

Where is the source of a laser?

A

Cathode

70
Q

What is one issue with an RGL?

A

Laser lock

71
Q

What is laser lock?

A

When the two beams synchronise and give zero output.

72
Q

When must a gyro not be moved?

A

When it is running at medium speed

73
Q

How does a gyro get gimbal lock?

A

Removed while running and tilted more than 20 degrees.

74
Q

What is the main problem with a DG?

A

No north seeking tendency

75
Q

What does a vertical card DG, represent?

A

Dial gauge with a plane on it.

76
Q

What is nutation?

A

Wobbling

77
Q

How is nutation avoided in a DG?

A

Spin down brake system

78
Q

How does the spin brake system work?

A

Holds the gimbal for 30 seconds after shut down.

79
Q

How often must a directional gyro be set to agree with magnetic compass?

A

Checked every 15 mins

80
Q

What is a slaved gyro system?

A

Takes input from a remotely located compass.

81
Q

What is a flux valve?

A

Small segmented rings made of soft iron that readily accept line of magnetic flux.

82
Q

After departure what three components compromise gyro drift?

A

Apparent wander
Transport Wander
Real wander

83
Q

What causes transport wander?

A

Caused by meridian convergence as you fly east or west.

84
Q

Where is the horizontal situation indicator?

A

Normally mounted below the attitude indicator.

85
Q

What does the horizontal situation indicator combine?

A

Heading and VOR-ILS

86
Q

What does VOR-ILS stand for?

A

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Instrument Landing System

87
Q

What does the nav warning flag mean?

A

No reliable signal is being received.

88
Q

How would you know the compass isn’t functioning properly?

A

HDG flag

89
Q

What does a VERT warning flag mean?

A

Glide slop data is missing

90
Q

What type of indicator does and turn and slip indicator have?

A

Needle

91
Q

On a rate of turn indicator, what does the first mark represent?

A

180 degrees per minute

92
Q

On a rate of turn indicator, what does the second mark represent?

A

360 degrees per minute

93
Q

On a rate of turn indicator, what does the third mark represent?

A

540 degrees per minute

94
Q

On a rate of turn indicator, what does the fourth mark represent?

A

720 degrees per minute

95
Q

What type is a turn indicator?

A

Rate gyro with horizontal axis

96
Q

Rate gyros have one gimbal which is limited in motion by a spring, how many degrees of freedom does it have?

A

1.5 degrees

97
Q

How do you know it the aircraft is slipping or skidding?

A

Turn coordinator ball is off centre

98
Q

What are the two typical errors of turn indicators?

A

Springs adjustment
Rotor Speed

99
Q

What happens if the turn indicator rotor speed is too high?

A

The indication is higher than it should be.

Cat B- Mod 11 Aircraft Systems (28 decks)

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