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Cat B- Mod 11 Aircraft Systems > 11.5.1 Instruments- Pitot Static > Flashcards

11.5.1 Instruments- Pitot Static Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five types of aircraft instrumentation?

A

Pressure
Gyroscopic
Compasses
Mechanical
Electronic

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2
Q

What covers the certification for aircraft instruments?

A

CS25.1303

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3
Q

What are the four categories of aircraft instrument?

A

Flight
Engine
Navigation
Other

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4
Q

What are the primary flight instruments?

A

Attitude
Altitude
Airspeed
Direction of flight

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5
Q

Navigational instruments gauge factors such as?

A

Path of flight
Ground prox warning
Weather avoidance

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6
Q

What is the basic T?

A

The standard layout of instruments

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7
Q

What instruments are part of the basic T?

A

Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
Attitude Directional (ADI)
Altimeter
Horizontal Situation (HSI)

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8
Q

What does the Airspeed Indicator display?

A

Shows a speed which is a reference for all aerodynamic parameters

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9
Q

What is the attitude directional indicator?

A

Shows the roll and pitch attitude of the aircraft in relation to the horizon.

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10
Q

What does the horizontal situation indicator?

A

Shows the direction of the aircraft’s longitudinal axis in relation to the magnetic north.

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11
Q

When was the basic T first used?

A

Early 1950’s

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12
Q

What may you find adjacent to the basic T?

A

Turn coordinator and vertical speed indicator.

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13
Q

What are the three basic ways of measuring pressure?

A

Absolute
Gauge
Differential

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14
Q

How does absolute pressure measure?

A

Compares atmospheric pressure against zero

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15
Q

What can atmospheric pressure be measured in?

A

InHg (inches of mercury)
hPa
PSI

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16
Q

What is the most commonly used type of pressure gauge?

A

Gauge

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17
Q

What is gauge pressure?

A

The contained pressure vs atmospheric e.g. tyre pressure

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18
Q

What instruments use a bellow or diaphragm?

A

Altimeter
VSI
Machmeter
Cabin pressure
Manifold pressure

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19
Q

What types of pressure sensing elements are there?

A

Bourdon
Aneroid
Pressure Transducer

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20
Q

How does the bourdon tube work?

A

A copper, bronze or brass tube rolled into an elliptical cross section that distorts when the pressure increases.

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21
Q

What is a direct reading pressure gauge?

A

Similar to a bourdon used in general aviation aircraft.

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22
Q

What is a pressure transducer also called?

A

Pressure transmitter.

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23
Q

What is a pressure transducer?

A

A sensor that converts pressure into an analogue electrical signal.

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24
Q

What is the advantage of pressure transducers compared to the other systems?

A

The pressure can be measured at source and not brought all the way to the flight deck.

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25
Q

What does LVDT stand for?

A

Linear Variable Differential Transformer

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26
Q

What is Wheatstone bridge system?

A

Used to measure strain in a pressure system.

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27
Q

What are the two types of strain gauges?

A

Foil strain
Silicon based

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28
Q

What are pitot-statics used for?

A

Airspeed, Altitude and rate of climb.

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29
Q

What is the pitot tube named after?

A

Henri Pitot a french scientist.

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30
Q

What does the static system give information too?

A

Altimeter, ASI and vertical speed indicator.

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31
Q

Where are static ports located?

A

Where there is smooth airflow.

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32
Q

What is SSE?

A

Static source error.

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33
Q

What does SSE depend on?

A

Fuselage shape and the airspeed.

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34
Q

What do modern computers do with SSE?

A

Automatically calculate a correction factor to compensate for SSE.

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35
Q

When an aircraft has higher static pressure on one side of the fuselage than the other for example during side slip what device helps equalise the pressure?

A

Cross-porting tube.

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36
Q

What do pitots have to avoid ice build up?

A

Heaters

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37
Q

What is the diameter of the pipeline related too?

A

The distance between the pressure source and the instruments to eliminate pressure drop and time lag factors.

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38
Q

What are drain taps designed to do?

A

To have enough capacity to hold the max water that could enter a system between servicing.

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39
Q

What safety improvement does the static system have?

A

Alternate system.

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40
Q

If a pitot becomes blocked, the dynamic pressure will become trapped, what will happen at altitudes above where the pitot tube became blocked?

A

ASI displays a higher than actual airspeed that increases steadily in line with altitude.

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41
Q

When carrying out a leak test on the static system what should the climb rate not exceed?

A

4000ft per minute

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42
Q

What is QNH?

A

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

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43
Q

What is QFE?

A

Atmospheric pressure the airfield level.

44
Q

What is QNE?

A

Pressure level of 1013 hPA

45
Q

What are Q codes?

A

They provide a succinct and accurate way to communicate.

46
Q

What does QNH stand for?

A

Question nil height

47
Q

What does QFE stand for?

A

Question field elevation

48
Q

What does QNE stand for?

A

Question nil elevation.

49
Q

When is QNH used?

A

Below the transition altitude.

50
Q

What is flying above the transition altitude referred too as?

A

Airways flying

51
Q

Western countries use feet to measure altitude, what countries use meters?

A

Russia and china

52
Q

Because of the pressure lapse rate (non-linear pressure changes) what type of gauge allow linear expansion?

A

Aneroids due to their corrugated design.

53
Q

What is a rad alt?

A

Radio altimeter

54
Q

Some aircraft use altimeters with additional bellows and electrical connectors what are they called?

A

Encoding altimeters.

55
Q

What do the three pointers on an altimeter show?

A

Long- 1000ft
Short- 10,000ft
Triangle mark- One turn per 100,000ft

56
Q

How does a rad alt work out the altitude?

A

Half the time it takes x speed of the pulse (speed of light)

57
Q

At 18,000 feet what percentage is the pressure of that at sea level?

A

50%

58
Q

At 36,000 feet what percentage is the pressure of that at sea level?

A

25%

59
Q

At 54,000 feet what percentage is the pressure of that at sea level?

A

12.5%

60
Q

What does an evacuated capsule do?

A

Expands as static pressure decreases with an increase in altitude.

61
Q

At sea level what is the change in static pressure with altitude?

A

1mb = 30ft

62
Q

At 20,999ft what is the change in static pressure with altitude?

A

1mb = 50ft

63
Q

When the temp exceeds the standard ICAO limits how many feet are added per degree Celsius exceeded?

A

118.8ft

64
Q

What is hysteris?

A

The lag in mechanical altimeters due to the friction in the bearings and linkages.

65
Q

What conditions trigger the fail safe in an altimeter?

A

AC failure
Servo motor fail
Amplifier fail
Circuit fail

66
Q

What is the VSI also known as sometimes?

A

ROC, Rate of Climb

67
Q

In a VSI what two parts give compensation?

A

Orifice and Capillary type
Ceramic type

68
Q

What material must be used for orifice type?

A

Rigid and non rusting.

69
Q
A
69
Q

What is the flow through a orifice?

A

Turbulent

70
Q

What happens if you combine orifice and capillary types?

A

Calibration of the airflow.

71
Q

What is the wall thickness of the capsule inside a vsi?

A

0.076mm

72
Q

Which type of VSI display is more accurate a lower rates of descent?

A

Logarithmic.

73
Q

Where is VSI located on an EFIS basic T?

A

Right hand side

74
Q

How is an IVSI (Instantaneous VSI) ran?

A

If an aircraft has an inertial reference system.

75
Q

What does an IVSI use to eliminate lag?

A

Accelerometer unit.

76
Q

In an IVSI what is the vertical accelerometer unit called?

A

Dashpot

77
Q

During a climb what does the IVSI dashpot do?

A

Fall

78
Q

On modern aircrft where is the VSI displayed?

A

The PFD

79
Q

What is the CADC?

A

Central Air Data Computer

80
Q

What are the two types of pressure sensor?

A

Absolute- Static
Differential- Pitot

81
Q

What are the three common pressure sensor designs?

A

Piezoresistive
Bonded Strain
Capacitive

82
Q

What is the Piezoresistive connected too?

A

Wheatstone bridge.

83
Q

What is the Piezoresistive effect?

A

A change in electrical resistance of a semi-conductor when mechanical strain is applied.

84
Q

How does the Piezoresistive element work?

A

Applied pressure bends the diaphragm which results in a bridge imbalance causing a few millivolts to be unbalanced.

85
Q

What is the bonded strain gauge based on?

A

Piezoresistive elements however they are used for larger strain measurements.

86
Q

What makes bonded strain gauge preferable?

A

It is cheaper than Piezoresistive.

87
Q

What is a capacitive sensor?

A

Very accurate low pressure sensing device.

88
Q

What is a nautical mile equal too?

A

6080ft (1.15 miles)

89
Q

How are ASI’s modified to expand the scale at low speeds and compress at high speeds?

A

Banana slots and ranging springs.

90
Q

What principle are ASI’s based around?

A

Bernoulli’s

91
Q

On an ASI what do the red radial lines indicate?

A

Max and min limits of airspeed.

92
Q

On an ASI what does the yellow arc indicate?

A

Precautionary ranges, operation is only permitted in smooth air and with caution.

93
Q

On an ASI what does the green arc indicate?

A

Normal operating range.

94
Q

On an ASI what does the white arc indicate?

A

Ranges in which the flaps can be lowered

95
Q

What is Vso?

A

The stall speed in landing config

96
Q

What is Vs1?

A

The stall speed in clean config.

97
Q

What is Vfe?

A

The max speed with flaps down

98
Q

What is Vno?

A

Max airspeed for cruise

99
Q

What is Mmo?

A

Limit designed to prevent aircraft from shockwave damage

100
Q

What is Vmo?

A

Structural limit of dynamic pressure.

101
Q

What is IAS?

A

Indicated airspeed, read directly from the ASI.

102
Q

What is TAS?

A

True airspeed or Knots True airspeed, speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass through which it is flying.

103
Q

What is density error?

A

Where the ASI is calibrated to give IAS the same as TAS at sea level but less as it climbs.

104
Q

What is position error?

A

The difference between the calibrated airspeed and the IAS, due to the recorded static being unequal to the ambient pressure.

105
Q
A

Cat B- Mod 11 Aircraft Systems (28 decks)

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