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Cat B- Mod 11 Aircraft Systems > 11.1.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls > Flashcards

11.1.1 Aerodynamics and Flight Controls Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three primary axis?

A

Lateral
Longitudinal
Vertical

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2
Q

What movement is through the lateral axis?

A

Pitch

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3
Q

What control surface is responsible for pitch?

A

Elevators

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4
Q

What movement is through the longitudinal axis?

A

Roll

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5
Q

What flying controls are responsible for roll?

A

Ailerons

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6
Q

What movement is through the vertical axis?

A

Yaw

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7
Q

Where is the vertical axis located?

A

In the centre of gravity.

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8
Q

What flying control is responsible for yaw?

A

Rudder

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9
Q

Besides the three primary flight controls on large aircraft what can be added to increase efficiency of the flying control surface?

A

Roll spoilers and/or speed brakes

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10
Q

Where are ailerons located?

A

Outboard trailing edge of the wing.

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11
Q

What happens when the pilot moves the control stick to the right?

A

Right aileron up
Left aileron down

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12
Q

When moving the control stick right why does the right aileron come up?

A

It reduces the camber of the wing reducing the lift.

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13
Q

How is dynamic energy calculated?

A

1/2 PV^2

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14
Q

What is energy in the air proportional too?

A

The square of airspeed

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15
Q

If airspeed is doubled what pressure is felt on the flying control?

A

Quadruple.

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16
Q

What is aileron lockout?

A

At higher speed the outboard aileron is locked.

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17
Q

Why is aileron lockout used?

A

To prevent the structure taking on too much force.

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18
Q

Spoilers are used to reduce lift, what else do they counteract?

A

Lift induced drag that causes adverse yaw.

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19
Q

What system are the spoilers linked too?

A

Ailerons

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20
Q

What is the purpose of roll spoilers?

A

To execute an accurate turn and reduce the requirement for a large aileron deflection at high speeds.

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21
Q

Where are elevators located?

A

The trailing edge of the horizontal stabiliser.

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22
Q

What are stabilators?

A

Dual purpose that combine the elevators and horizontal stab.

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23
Q

On light aircraft with stabilators what are they normally equipped with?

A

Anti-balance tab.

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24
Q

What is a THS?

A

Trimmable horizontal stab, used for pitch trimming.

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25
Q

What advantage does a THS offer?

A

Reduced drag due to reduced elevator deflection?

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26
Q

What is a THS also known as?

A

Variable Incidence Stabiliser.

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27
Q

What happens when a THS angle of attack is increased?

A

Nose down

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28
Q

How is the angle of incidence controlled of a THS?

A

Screw jack controlled by the pilots pitch trim wheel.

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29
Q

What is a canard?

A

Essentially the THS but moved forward of the wing.

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30
Q

What is the primary role of a canard?

A

Pitch control

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31
Q

The stability that canards offer also enhances what?

A

Stall resistance and manoeuvrability.

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32
Q

How do the canards assist in stall prevention?

A

They can stall first causing a nose down pitch that helps the aircraft recover.

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33
Q

What does the rudder limiter do?

A

Restricts the rudders amount of deflection with increasing air speed.

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34
Q

How do roll and yaw have secondary effect on one another?

A

As the aircraft yaws one wing advances and increases its lift effect.

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35
Q

When is the only time rudder is used independently?

A

Crosswind or engine failure.

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36
Q

How is adverse yaw overcome in aircraft?

A

Designs such as frise ailerons.

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37
Q

What is a frise aileron?

A

Control surface with a specially contoured leading edge.

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38
Q

How are differential ailerons rigged to oppose adverse yaw?

A

The up going aileron is deflected more than the down going one, creating a drag imbalance.

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39
Q

What does an aileron interconnect system help with?

A

Adverse roll

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40
Q

What aircraft experience adverse roll?

A

Ones with a high vertical stab.

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41
Q

Swept wing are prone to dutch roll, how is it combatted?

A

Yaw dampening.

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42
Q

What is the yaw dampener?

A

Servo unit that moves the rudder in response to inputs from a gyroscope or accelerometer that detects yaw rate.

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43
Q

What two common combined flying controls are there?

A

Elevons
Ruddervators.

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44
Q

Where are elevons found?

A

Delta wing aircraft.

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45
Q

What two forces are combined in a elevon?

A

Pitch and roll

46
Q

What does a ruddervator combine?

A

Rudder and elevator.

47
Q

What aircraft use ruddervators?

A

V-tailed aircraft

48
Q

Ruddervator- to produce a left yaw movement what do the flying controls do?

A

Deflects the left hand down and left, right hand goes up and left.

49
Q

How are the inputs to a ruddervator applied?

A

Through a mixer unit.

50
Q

What do V tailed aircraft have to prevent yawing?

A

Longer fuselage.

51
Q

What are some of the common high lift devices?

A

Slots
Slats
Flaps
LE Flaps
Flaperons

52
Q

What are slots?

A

Fixed convergent ducts or gaps.

53
Q

What do slots allow?

A

High pressure air from beneath to accelerate to the top and reenergise the boundary layer.

54
Q

What is the disadvantage of slots?

A

They produce a lot of drag.

55
Q

What are slats?

A

Like slots but moveable.

56
Q

What is a plain flap?

A

Hinged flap that adds 50-55% lift

57
Q

What is a split flap?

A

Hinged panel that splits from the upper surface, adds 60-65% lift.

58
Q

What is a slotted flap?

A

Modular flaps that extend and add 65-70% lift.

59
Q

What is a fowler flap?

A

Split flap that forms part of the underside of the TE and increases lift 95%.

60
Q

Where can LE flaps be found?

A

Heavy aircraft.

61
Q

What is LE droop?

A

LE section rotates down increasing camber.

62
Q

What is a krueger flap?

A

Lift device fitted to the LE, lower surface of the LE that hinges out.

63
Q

What is a flaperon?

A

Aileron that is also a flap.

64
Q

What is the difference between air brakes and spoilers?

A

Air brakes are designed to raise drag whilst not effecting lift.

65
Q

What is the function of a spoiler?

A

To increase drag to augment a controlled descent

66
Q

Depending on the aircraft, spoilers can serve up to three distinct primary functions, what are they?

A

Flight spoilers
Ground spoilers
Roll spoilers

67
Q

What is a flight spoiler?

A

Speed brake

68
Q

Is the deflection of airborne spoilers more or less than ground spoilers?

A

Less

69
Q

What do the spoilers do in armed mode?

A

Remain retracted and locked only deploying automatically.

70
Q

What is ground spoiler mode?

A

Max extension of the speed brakes.

71
Q

How do ground spoilers help the aircraft with braking?

A

They dump the lift forcing the weight of the aircraft onto the landing gear.

72
Q

What are roll spoilers?

A

Spoilerons, used in conjunction with the ailerons for roll control.

73
Q

Which spoilers are the roll spoilers?

A

Outboard or mid

74
Q

What spoilers are the decent control?

A

Inboard

75
Q

What is the benefit of using the spoilers to roll the aircraft?

A

Avoids twisting and therefore adverse yaw.

76
Q

What two directions are particles split in the airflow over the LE?

A

Along it and at right angles, producing spanwise flow.

77
Q

What does spanwise flow do?

A

Thicken the boundary layer towards the wingtip making it prone to seperation.

78
Q

What are the design solutions to spanwise flow?

A

Wing fences, saw tooth LE.

79
Q

What is a wing fence?

A

Flat plates that limit boundary layer outflow before it begins to stagnate.

80
Q

What else are wing fences known as?

A

Boundary layer fences and stall fences.

81
Q

What is a saw tooth?

A

LE zig zag cut out, creates a small vortex that limits outflow.

82
Q

What are saw tooths best for?

A

Swept back wings

83
Q

What is a vortex generator?

A

Device used to re-energise the slow moving boundary layer.

84
Q

What do vortex generators produce in terms of lift?

A

Sideways lift, high pressure spills over the tip and causes a vortex.

85
Q

What is a stall wedge?

A

LE device near the wing root encouraging the root to stall first.

86
Q

On what type of wing are stall wedges used?

A

Tapered

87
Q

What are stall wedges also known as?

A

Stall strips

88
Q

What is boundary layer suction?

A

Powered system that sucks the boundary layer flow from closely sucked vertical slots.

89
Q

What does trimming an aircraft mean?

A

Adjusting the aerodynamic forces on the control surfaces to maintain straight and level flight.

90
Q

What is a trim tab?

A

Used to compensate for the imbalance, they are small control surfaces located on the TE.

91
Q

Can trim tabs be fixed or moveable?

A

Both

92
Q

What are trim tabs used on?

A

Light aircraft

93
Q

What way do trim tabs act to help the flying control?

A

In the opposite deflection.

94
Q

What is a balance tab?

A

Assists in moving the flying control via a rod that pulls it in the opposite direction reducing the force required.

95
Q

What is an anti-balance tab?

A

Moves in the same direction as the flying control, adding resistance.

96
Q

What is the point of an anti balance tab?

A

To make a flying control less sensitive.

97
Q

What is a servo tab?

A

Used where it would take too much force to move a flying control.

98
Q

Where are servo tabs used?

A

Large aircraft.

99
Q

In which direction does a servo tab work?

A

Opposite to the flying control.

100
Q

What is a spring tab?

A

Like a servo tab, it has a spring mechanism that must be overcome when the force on the flying control becomes too high.

101
Q

What is mass balance of a flying control?

A

The position of the CG and CP and the hinge point.

102
Q

What happens if the cg of a control surface is aft of the hinge line?

A

Inertia is felt and an oscillation will follow.

103
Q

What is the difference between torsional flutter and flexural?

A

Flexural, caused by the movement of the aileron lagging behind the rise and fall of the outer portion of the wings as it flexes.

104
Q

How is flexural flutter prevented?

A

Mass balancing the flying control.

105
Q

What is key about the mass balance of a flying control?

A

The closer to the wingtip it is the smaller it should be.

106
Q

What is flying control bias?

A

Specific config or setting applied to control surfaces to achieve desired characteristics.

107
Q

After adjustment of bias what must all trim position gauges show in the flight deck?

A

0

108
Q

Where is the CP normally for balanced controls?

A

1/3 of the chord length from the leading edge.

109
Q

What is horn balance?

A

Aids deflection, the horn is located forward of the hinge line.

110
Q

What is a balance panel?

A

Plate connected to the leading edge.

111
Q

What does a balance panel do?

A

Divides the space in front of the control surface in too two chambers.

112
Q
A

Cat B- Mod 11 Aircraft Systems (28 decks)

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