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(HS) Biology 12 > 11.4 Disorders of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

11.4 Disorders of the Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 6 disorders of the upper respiratory tract in the textbook.

A
  • common cold
  • pharyngitis
  • tonsilitis
  • laryngitis
  • sinusitis
  • ottis media
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2
Q

What is the common cold?

A

relatively mild viral infections of the upper respiratory tract characterized by sneezing, runny nose, and mild fever

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3
Q

What causes the common cold?

A

many different viruses, most commonly rhinoviruses

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4
Q

How long do most common colds last?

A

a few days to a week, when the immune response is able to eliminate the virus

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5
Q

What can’t be used to treat the common cold?

A

antibiotics don’t help because colds are caused by viruses

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6
Q

What can be used to ease the symptoms of the common cold?

A
  • decongestants

- anti-inflammatory medications

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7
Q

What is pharyngitis?

A

inflammation of the throat, usually because of an infection

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8
Q

What can be involved in pharyngitis if they haven’t yet been removed?

A

tonsils

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9
Q

What is strep throat?

A

a pharyngitis caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes that can lead to a generalized upper respiratory infection and even a systemic (affecting the body as a whole) infection

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of strep throat?

A
  • severe sore throat
  • high fever
  • white patches on dark-red pharyngeal or tonsillar area
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11
Q

How can strep throat be treated?

A

most cases can be successfully treated by antibiotics

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12
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

when the tonsils become inflamed and enlarged

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13
Q

What are tonsils?

A

aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx

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14
Q

What are adenoids?

A

the tonsils in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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15
Q

When can a tonsillectomy be performed?

A

if tonsillitis occurs frequently and the enlarged tonsils make breathing difficult, the tonsils can be removed surgically

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16
Q

Why are fewer tonsillectomies performed today than in the past?

A

because we now know that the tonsils help initiate immune responses to many of the pathogens that enter the pharynx therefore they are an important part of the body’s immune system

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17
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

an inflammation of the larynx with accompanying hoarseness, often leading to the inability to talk in an audible voice

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18
Q

How does laryngitis usually disappear?

A

after resting the vocal cords and treating any infection present

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19
Q

What can grow on the vocal cords when you have laryngitis?

A

benign growths, or polyps that interfere with their ability to control the vocal cords

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20
Q

Who are laryngeal polyps most likely to occur in?

A

people who put their vocal cords through excessive wear and tear, such as singers

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21
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

an inflammation of the cranial sinuses

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22
Q

What are the cranial sinuses?

A

the cavities within the facial skeleton that drain into the nasal cavities

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23
Q

How does sinusitis develop?

A

when nasal congestion blocks the tiny openings leading to the sinuses

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24
Q

What percentage of upper respiratory infections are accompanied by sinusitis?

A

up to 10%, and allergies may also play a role

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

A
  • postnasal discharge
  • headache
  • facial pain that worsens when the patient bends tomorrow
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26
Q

What does successful treatment of sinusitis depend on?

A

addressing the cause of the inflammation and restoring proper drainage of the sinuses

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27
Q

What may help remove irritants and rinse out mucus in sinusitis?

A

rinsing the sinuses by instilling a warm saline solution into one nostril and out the other

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28
Q

What is ottis media?

A

an inflammation of the middle ear

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29
Q

Why is ottis media considered an upper respiratory tract disorder when the ear is not a part of the respiratory tract?

A

especially in children, nasal infections can spread to the ear by way of the AUDITORY (eustachian) TUBES

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30
Q

Where do the auditory (eustachian) tubes lead?

A

from the nasopharynx to the middle ear

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of ottis media?

A
  • pain (primary symptom)
  • sense of fullness
  • hearing loss
  • vertigo (dizziness)
  • fever
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32
Q

How can ottis media be treated?

A

if the cause is bacterial, antibiotic therapy is usually really effective

if the cause is viruses or allergies, antibiotics are not effective

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33
Q

How can ottis media be surgically treated?

A

tympanostomy tubes are surgically placed in the eardrums of children with multiple recurrences to help prevent the buildup of pressure in the middle ear and the possibility of hearing loss

these tubes normally fall out over time

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34
Q

Name the 4 disorders of the lower respiratory tract (disorders of the trachea and the bronchi) in the textbook.

A
  • choking
  • acute bronchitis
  • chronic bronchitis
  • asthma
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35
Q

What is choking?

A

one of the simplest but most life-threatening disorders that affects the trachea

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36
Q

How can someone with not trained medical experience help someone who is choking?

A

Heimlich manoeuvre: grab around the waist from behind and forcefully pull both hands into their upper abdomen to expel whatever is lodged

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37
Q

How can a trained medical personnel also help someone who is choking?

A

tracheotomy: by inserting a breathing tube by way of an incision made in the trachea called a tracheostomy

38
Q

Who may need a permanent tracheostomy tube installed?

A

people whose larynx or trachea has been damaged or destroyed, usually as a result of smoking

39
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

an inflammation of the primary and secondary bronchi

40
Q

What is acute bronchitis usually preceded by?

A

a viral infection that has led to a secondary bacterial infection

41
Q

What typically happens with acute bronchitis?

A

a nonproductive cough has become a deep cough that produces more mucus and perhaps pus

42
Q

How can acute bronchitis be treated?

A

typically can be successfully treated with antibiotics

43
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

airways are inflamed and filled with mucus

44
Q

What is common with chronic bronchitis?

A

a cough that brings up mucus

45
Q

What happens with chronic bronchitis?

A

bronchi have undergone degenerative changes, including the loss of cilia and their normal cleansing action

infection is more likely to occur

46
Q

What is the most frequent cause of chronic bronchitis?

A

smoking, and exposure to environmental pollutants can also be a contributing factor

47
Q

What is asthma?

A

disease of the bronchi and bronchioles that is marked by wheezing, breathlessness, and sometimes a cough and coughing up of mucus

48
Q

What happens with asthma?

A

airways are unusually sensitive to specific irritants, which can include a wide range of allergens (ie. pollen, animal dander, dust, cigarette smoke, industrial fumes, cold air)

49
Q

What happens when airways are exposed to an irritant with asthma?

A

smooth muscle in the bronchioles undergoes spasms

50
Q

What do most people with asthma have?

A

some degree of bronchial inflammation that reduces the diameter of the airways and contributes to the seriousness of an attack

51
Q

What can prevent or treat asthma attacks?

A
  • beta-agonists: dilates the bronchioles, administered using an inhaler
  • corticosteroids: help control the inflammation and prevent an attack
52
Q

Name the 6 diseases of the lungs in the textbook.

A
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary tuberculosis
  • emphysema
  • cystic fibrosis
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • lung cancer
53
Q

Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases

Acute Bronchitis

A

airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic) and coughing up brings up mucus and pus

54
Q

Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases

Asthma

A

airways are inflamed due to irritation and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasms

55
Q

Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases

Pneumonia

A

alveoli fill with pus and fluid, making gas exchange difficult

56
Q

Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

A

tubercles encapsulate bacteria and elasticity of lungs is reduced

57
Q

Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases

Emphysema

A

alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces and SA for gas exchange is reduced

58
Q

Common Bronchial and Pulmonary Diseases

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

fibrous connective tissue builds up in lungs, reducing their elasticity

59
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

an infection of the lungs in which the bronchi or alveoli fill with thick fluid

60
Q

What are symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • high fever and chills
  • headache
  • chest pain
61
Q

Rather than being a generalized ling infection, where can pneumonia be localized?

A

in specific lobules of the lungs

the more lobules involved, the more serious the infection

62
Q

What can pneumonia be caused by?

A

several types of bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents

63
Q

Who do certain types of pneumonia strike?

A

individuals with reduced immunity

64
Q

People with AIDS can be subject to a rare form of pneumonia that’s caused by what?

A

the fungus Pneumocystis carinii

65
Q

What is pulmonary tuberculosis caused by?

A

the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

66
Q

What happens when M. tuberculosis invades the lung tissue in pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

cells accumulate around the invading bacteria, isolating them from the rest of the body

this accumulation of cells is called a tubercle

67
Q

What happens if the body’s resistance is high in pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

the imprisoned organisms die

68
Q

What happens if the body’s resistance is low in pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

the organisms eventually escape and spread

69
Q

What happens if a chest X ray detects active tubercles with pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

the individual is put on appropriate drug therapy to ensure the localization of the disease and the eventual destruction of any live bacteria

70
Q

How is it possible to tell if a person has ever been infected with tuberculosis bacteria?

A

with a TB skin test, in which a highly diluted extract of the bacteria is injected into the skin of the patient

a person who has never been exposed to M. tuberculosis shows no reaction

a person who has had or is fighting an infection shows an area of inflammation that peaks in about 48 hours

71
Q

What is emphysema?

A

a chronic and incurable disorder in which the alveoli are distended and their walls damaged so that the SA available for gas exchange is reduced

72
Q

What is emphysema often preceded by?

A

chronic bronchitis

73
Q

What happens with emphysema?

A

air trapped in the lungs leads to alveolar damage and a noticeable ballooning of the chest

the elastic recoil of the lungs is reduced so the driving force behind expiration is also reduced

74
Q

How might someone with emphysema feel?

A

out of breath, and may have a cough

75
Q

What is COPD?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

the 4th leading cause of death in Canada, and is usually associated with smoking

76
Q

What 3 diseases/diorders are COPDs and why?

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthmas because they are often seen in the same patient and tend to recur

77
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

a lung disease that is genetic rather than infectious, although infections do play a role in the disease

most common life-threatening inherited disease affecting children and young adults in Canada

78
Q

How does someone get cystic fibrosis?

A

1/25 Canadians carry the defective gene, but a child must inherit two copies of the faulty gene to have the disease

79
Q

What does the gene that is defective in CF code for?

A

cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR) which is a protein needed for proper transport of Cl- ions out of the epithelial cells of the lung

because this also reduces the amount of water transported out of the lung cells, the mucus secreted becomes very sticky and can form plugs that interfere with breathing

80
Q

What are symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • coughing

- shortness of breath

81
Q

What does the treatment of cystic fibrosis involve?

A

clearing mucus from the airways by vigorously slapping the patient on the back as well as by administering mucus-thinning drugs

however, none of these treatments are curative

82
Q

What is the median survival age for Canadians with CF and why?

A

around 48 years because the lungs can be severely affected

83
Q

What are researchers attempting to develop to help treat CF?

A

gene therapy strategies to replace the faulty CFTR gene

84
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

common lung disease in which fibrous connective tissues builds up in the lungs, causing a loss of elasticity

85
Q

What does the loss of elasticity with pulmonary fibrosis do?

A

restricts the ability of the lungs to expand during inhalation and so reduces the vital capacity and other lung volumes

86
Q

Who does pulmonary fibrosis most commonly occur in?

A

elderly persons

87
Q

What is the risk of pulmonary fibrosis increased by?

A
  • environmental exposure to silica (sand)
  • dust
  • asbestos
88
Q

What are the statistics of lung cancer?

A
  • more prevalent in men than women
  • leading cause of cancer death in both genders
  • about 85% of lung cancers are associated with cigarette smoking
89
Q

Describe the progressive steps by which the most common form of lung cancer develops.

A
  • thickening of the cells lining the bronchi
  • cilia are lost, making it impossible to prevent dust and dirt from settling in the lungs
  • cells with atypical nuclei appear, followed by a tumour consisting of disordered cells with atypical nuclei
  • metastasis: some of these cells break loose and penetrate other tissues
  • cancer has spread
90
Q

What happens after lung cancer has spread?

A
  • original tumour may grow until a bronchus is blocked, cutting off the supply of air to that lung
  • the entire lung collapses and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, and pneumonia or a lung abscess (localized area of pus) results
91
Q

What is the only possible cure of lung cancer?

A

pneumonectomy: a lobe or the whole lung is removed before metastasis occurs

92
Q

What treatment is required if the cancer has spread?

A

chemotherapy and radiation

(HS) Biology 12 (46 decks)

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