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(HS) Biology 12 > 10.7 Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

10.7 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the lymphatic system work with?

A

works with the immune system to protect the body from pathogens, toxins, and other invaders

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

term that refers to a condition where the body is protected from various threats, like pathogens, toxins, and cancer cell

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

innate and adaptive

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4
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

an immune response that does not require a previous exposure to the pathogen

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of mechanisms of innate immunity?

A
  • physical and chemical barriers
  • inflammatory response
  • phagocytes and natural killer cells
  • protective proteins
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6
Q

What lines the respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts?

A

skin and the mucous membranes

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7
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

What does the skin and mucous membranes do as lining?

A

serve as mechanical barriers to entry of pathogens

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8
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

What is the upper respiratory tract lined with?

A

ciliated cells that sweep mucus and trapped particles up into the throat, where they can be swallowed or expelled

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9
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

What do the secretions of oil glands in the skin contain?

A

chemicals that weaken or kill certain bacteria on the skin

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10
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

What does the acid pH in the stomach do?

A

kills many types of bacteria or inhibits their growth

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11
Q

Physical and Chemical Barriers

What do various bacteria that normally reside in the intestine and other areas such as the vagina, do?

A

remove nutrients and block binding sites that potentially could be used by pathogens

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12
Q

Inflammatory Response

What is an inflammatory response?

A

a series of events initiated by damage to tissues, whether by physical trauma, chemical agents, or pathogens

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13
Q

Inflammatory Response

What does inflammation do?

A

tends to wall off infections and increase the exposure and access of the immune system to the inciting agent

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14
Q

Inflammatory Response

What are the 4 “cardinal” signs of an inflamed area?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
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15
Q

Inflammatory Response

What are most of the “cardinal” signs caused by?

A

capillary changes in the damaged area

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16
Q

Inflammatory Response

What are mast cells?

A

a type of immune cell found especially in the skin, lungs, and intestinal tract

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17
Q

Inflammatory Response

How do mast cells respond to damage?

A

by releasing histamine

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18
Q

Inflammatory Response

What is histamine?

A

a chemical that binds to receptors present on endothelial cells lining the blood vessels

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19
Q

Inflammatory Response

What happens when mast cells release histamine?

A

capillaries in the area dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to escape into the tissues, resulting in swelling

the swollen area may stimulate free nerve endings, causing the sensation of pain

the increased blood flow also causes the skin to redden and feel warm

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20
Q

Inflammatory Response

Which phagocytic cells play an important role in inflammation?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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21
Q

Inflammatory Response

What do macrophages and dendritic cells do when they are exposed to invading microbes?

A

they can release various proinflammatory cytokines

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22
Q

Inflammatory Response

What are cytokines?

A

chemical messengers that influence the activities of other immune cells

some cytokines secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells act on the brain to induce a fever response

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23
Q

Inflammatory Response

What do macrophages do after ingesting a bacterial pathogen?

A

release a cytokine called ‘tumour necrosis factor alpha’ (which acts on endothelial cells) and ‘interleukin-8’ (which attracts other types of immune cells to the scene

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24
Q

Inflammatory Response

What do the cytokines ‘colony-stimulating factors’ cause?

A

causes the bone marrow to produce more white cells

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25
Q

Inflammatory Response

What happens if the cause of inflammation cannot be eliminated?

A

the inflammatory reaction may persist and become harmful rather than helpful

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26
Q

Inflammatory Response

What anti-inflammatory medications can be used?

A

aspirin, ibuprofen, and cortisone can minimize the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation

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27
Q

Inflammatory Response

In what conditions can inflammation not be eliminated?

A

tuberculosis and some types of arthritis

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28
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What are phagocytes?

A

“eating cells”

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29
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What are usually the first white blood cells to enter an inflamed area from the blood?

A

neutrophils that may accumulate to form pus

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30
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What happens when an inflammatory reaction continues after neutrophils enter?

A

monocytes will migrate from the blood to the tissues, where they are then called macrophages (“large eaters”)

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31
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What happens when a neutrophil or a macrophage encounters a pathogen, especially a bacterial cell?

A

it will engulf (phagocytose) the pathogen into an endocytic vesicle, which fuses with a lysosome inside the cell

32
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What does the acid pH in lysosomes do?

A

activate hydrolytic enzymes and various reactive oxygen compounds, which can usually destroy the pathogen

33
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What are natural killer cells?

A

large, granular, lymphocyte-like cells that kill some virus-infected and cancer cells by cell-to-cell contact

34
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

How do NK cells and cytotoxic T cells kill their target cells?

A

by inducing them to undergo apoptosis

35
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

What do NK cells do that cytotoxic T cells don’t?

A

they seek out and kill cells that lack a particular type of “self” molecule, called MHC-I (major histocompatibility class I), on their surface

36
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

Why are some virus-infected and cancer cells susceptible to being killed by NK cells?

A

these cells may lack MHC-I molecules

37
Q

Phagocytes and Natural Killer Cells

Why are NK cells considered a part of the innate immune system?

A
  • don’t recognize specific viral or tumours antigens

- don’t proliferate when exposed to a particular antigen

38
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

an immune system that recognizes, responds to, and usually eliminates antigens from the body when innate defences have failed to prevent infection

39
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any molecule that stimulates an adaptive immune response

40
Q

How long does it usually take adaptive defences to fully activate?

A

5-7 days, and they last for many years

41
Q

What does the adaptive immune system depend on?

A

primarily on the activity of B cells and T cells

42
Q

What are B cells and T cells both capable of?

A

recognizing antigens because they have specific antigen receptors

43
Q

What are antigen receptors?

A

plasma membrane proteins whose shape allows them to bind to particular antigens

44
Q

Describe inflammatory response.

A
  • due to capillary changes in a damaged area and the release of chemical mediators, such as histamine by mast cells, an inflamed area exhibits redness, heat, swelling, and pain
  • reaction can be accompanied by other reactions to the injury
  • macrophages and dendritic cells, present in the tissues, phagocytize pathogens, as do neutrophils, which squeeze through capillary walls from the blood
  • macrophages and dendritic cells release cytokines, which stimulate the inflammatory and other immune reactions
  • blood clot can form to seal a break in a blood vessel
45
Q

Describe the diversification of B cells and T cells.

A

the maturation process allows for the creation of specific B cells and/or T cells for almost any possible antigen

46
Q

Where and when are B cells usually activated?

A

in a lymph node or the spleen, when their receptors bind to specific antigens

47
Q

What stimulates B cells to divide?

A

cytokines secreted by helper T cells

48
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

most of the cells resulting from B cell division that are specialized for the secretion of antibodies

49
Q

What are antibodies?

A

the secreted form of the receptor of the B cell that was activated

50
Q

What are memory B cells?

A

type of B cell that are the means by which long-term immunity is possible

51
Q

What happens when the same antigen enters the system again?

A

memory B cells quickly divide and give rise to more plasma cells capable of rapidly producing the correct type of antibody

52
Q

What happens once an infection is cleared from the body?

A

new plasma cells cease to develop and most of the present undergo apoptosis

53
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity?

A

defence by B cells

54
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity also called and why?

A

humoral immunity

these antibodies are present in blood and lymph (historically, a humor is any fluid normally occurring in the body

55
Q

What are antibodies also called?

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

56
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody.

A
  • y-shaped molecules with two arms
  • each arm has a “heavy” (long) polypeptide chain and a “light” (short) polypeptide chain
  • these chains have CONSTANT regions, and VARIABLE regions
57
Q

What is the constant region in the polypeptide chains of antibodies?

A
  • sequence of amino acids is set

- the same within a particular type or class of antibodies

58
Q

What is the variable region in the polypeptide chains of antibodies?

A
  • sequence of amino acids varies between antibodies

- form the antigen-binding sites

59
Q

What is the antigen-binding site?

A

the antigen combines with the antibody here in a lock-and-key manner

60
Q

What is the outcome of the antigen-antibody reaction?

A

can have several outcomes, but often the reaction produces immune complexes of antigens combined with antibodies

61
Q

What are immune complexes?

A

may mark antigens for destruction

62
Q

How may antibodies “neutralize” viruses or toxins?

A

by preventing their binding to cells

63
Q

What happens as a T cell leaves the thymus?

A

it has a unique T-cell receptor similar to the specific receptors on B cells

64
Q

How are T cells different from B cells?

A

unlike B cells, there is no secreted form of the T-cell receptors, and T cells are unable to recognize an antigen without help

65
Q

How are T cells able to recognize an antigen?

A

the antigen must be displayed to the receptors by an MHC (major histocompatibility complex) protein on the surface of another cell

66
Q

What do helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells both have?

A

each type has a receptor that can recognize an antigen fragment in combination with an MHC molecule

67
Q

How do helper T cells recognize antigens?

A

recognize antigens presented by specialized APCs (antigen-presenting cells) with MHC class II proteins on their surface

68
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens?

A

recognize antigens presented by various cell types with MHC class I proteins on their surface

69
Q

What is the difference between cytotoxic and helper T cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells often kill the cells they recognize

70
Q

What is one method of killing used by cytotoxic T cells?

A

depends on storage vacuoles that contain many molecules of perforin and enzymes called granzymes

71
Q

What does perforin do?

A

forms pores in the plasma membrane of the abnormal cell, which allows the granzymes to enter the target cell, inducing it to undergo apoptosis

the cytotoxic T cell is then capable of moving on to kill another target cell

72
Q

When do cytotoxic T cells release perforin?

A

after an activated cytotoxic t cell binds to a virus-infected or cancer cell that is presenting foreign antigen on its MHC class I proteins

73
Q

What are memory T cells?

A

type of T cell that may live for many years and can quickly jumpstart an immune response to an antigen previously present in the body

74
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

immunity mediated by helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

75
Q

What does HIV/AIDS do to helper T cells?

A
  • infects helper T cells and other cells of the immune system
  • surpresses many components of acquired immune responses
  • makes HIV-infected individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections
  • infected macrophages and dendritic cells also serve as reservoirs for HIV

(HS) Biology 12 (46 decks)

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