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(HS) Biology 12 > 11.1 The Respiratory System > Flashcards

11.1 The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

to allow oxygen from the air to enter the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to exit into the air, restoring pH

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2
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

a type of organ system consisting of the lungs and tubes that take air to and from the lungs

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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

(another term for breathing) encompasses inspiration and exhalation

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4
Q

How do the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

A
  • external respiration
  • transport of gases to and from the lungs and the tissues
  • internal respiration
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5
Q

What is external respiration?

A

the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between air and the blood

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6
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the blood and tissue fluid

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7
Q

What makes gas exchange with the environment necessary?

A

cellular respiration, which produces ATP, uses the oxygen and gives up carbon dioxide

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8
Q

What happens to air as it moves in along the airways?

A

filtered, warmed, and moistened

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9
Q

How is air filtered in the airways?

A
  • by coarse hairs just inside the nostrils

- by cilia and mucus in the nasal cavities, and in the other airways of the respiratory tract

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10
Q

What are cilia’s job in the nose?

A

the hairs and cilia act as screening devices

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11
Q

What do cilia do in the trachea and other airways do?

A

the cilia beat upward, carrying mucus, dust, and occasional bits of food that “went down the wrong way” into the pharynx, where the accumulation can be swallowed or expelled

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12
Q

How is air warmed in the airways?

A

by heat given off by the blood vessels lying close to the surface of the lining of the airways

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13
Q

How is air moistened in the airways?

A

by the wet surface of these passages (heat given off by the blood vessels lie close to the surface of the lining of the airways)

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14
Q

What happens when air moves out during expiration?

A

it cools and lose moisture

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15
Q

What happens as air cools?

A
  • it deposits more moisture on the lining of the trachea and the nose, and the nose may drip as a result of this condensation
  • air still retains moisture, however, that upon expiration on a cold day, it condenses and can be seen as a small cloud
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16
Q

Name the parts of the upper respiratory tract. (4)

A

nose
nasal cavities
pharynx
larynx

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17
Q

Where does air enter through the nose?

A

through external openings called nostrils

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18
Q

How many nasal cavities does the nose contain?

A

2

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19
Q

What are nasal cavities?

A

narrow canals separated from one another by a septum composed of bone and cartilage

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20
Q

What lines nasal cavities?

A

mucous membranes

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21
Q

What are bony ridges?

A

they project laterally into the nasal cavity

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22
Q

What do bony ridges do?

A

increase SA for moistening and warming air during inhalation and for trapping water droplets during exhalation

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23
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

on the endings of ciliated cells located high in the recesses of the nasal cavities

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24
Q

Why does crying often produce a runny nose?

A

the tear (lacrimal) glands drain into the nasal cavities vy way of tear ducts

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25
Q

What are sinuses?

A

air-filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skull and act as resonating chambers for the voice

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26
Q

What are nasal cavities separated from the mouth by?

A

a partition called the palate

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27
Q

What are the 2 portions of the palate?

A

hard palate: (anteriorly) is supported by bone

soft palate: (posteriorly) is made of muscle tissue surrounded by a mucous membrane

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28
Q

What is the pharynx (throat)?

A

a funnel-shaped passageway that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx

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29
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx: where nasal cavities open posterior to the soft palate
oropharynx: where the mouth opens
laryngopharynx: opens the larynx

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30
Q

What is the soft extension of the soft palate?

A

the uvula, which projects into the oropharynx that you can see by looking into your throat using a mirror

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31
Q

What are tonsils?

A

lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes that protect against invasion by inhaled bacteria and viruses

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32
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

form a protective ring at the junction of the mouth and the pharynx

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33
Q

Where does air and foo both pass in?

A

the pharynx

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34
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

above and in front of the esophagus, and leads to the trachea

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35
Q

Why are the layrnx and the trachea usually open?

A

allows air to pass

36
Q

Why is the esophagus normally closed?

A

opens only when a person swallowa

37
Q

Where does gas exchange occur between?

A

air in the alveoli and blood within a capillary network that surrounds the alveoli

38
Q

Describe gas exchange of the respiratory system.

A
  • pulmonary arteriole carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the alveoli
  • carbon dioxide leaves the blood, oxygen enters the blood
  • pulmonary venule carries oxygen-rich blood from the alveoli toward the heart
39
Q

What is the larynx?

A

a cartilaginous structure that serves as a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea

40
Q

What can the larynx be pictured as?

A

a triangular box whose apex, the Adam’s apple, is at the front of the neck

41
Q

Why is the larynx also called and why?

A

called the voice box because it houses the vocal cords

42
Q

What are vocal cords?

A

mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments

43
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the slit between the vocal cords

44
Q

How do vocal cords produce sounds?

A

when air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, the vocal cords vibrate, producing sound

45
Q

What is the difference between male and female in the growth of the larynx and vocal cords during puberty?

A

the growth of the larynx and vocal cords is much more rapid and accentuated in males than females, causing males to develop a more prominent Adam’s apple and a deeper voice

46
Q

Why do the voice “break” in young males?

A

due to the inability to control the vocal cords

47
Q

How is the high or low pitch of the voice regulated when speaking and singing?

A

by changing the tension on the vocal cords

48
Q

What happens when there is a greater tension on the vocal cords?

A
  • the glottis becomes more narrow

- the greater the tension, the higher the pitch

49
Q

What does the loudness/intensity of the voice depend upon?

A

the amplitude of the vibrations (the degree to which the vocal cords vibrate)

50
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

a flap of tissue that prevents food from passing into the larynx

51
Q

What happens when food is swallowed?

A

the larynx moves upward against the epiglottis

52
Q

What is the trachea (windpipe)?

A

a tube connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi

53
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

lies in front of the esophagus and is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

54
Q

Where does the open part of the C-shaped rings face and why?

A

faces the esophagus, which allows the esophagus to expand when swallowing

55
Q

What lines the trachea?

A

mucosa

56
Q

What does mucosa have?

A

a layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

57
Q

What do cilia that project from the epithelium do?

A

keep the lungs clean by sweeping mucus (produced by goblet cells) and debris toward the pharynx

*smoking is known to destroy these cilia

58
Q

What collects in the lungs from smoking?

A

toxins in cigarette smoke

59
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi which lead into the right and left lungs

60
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

small tubes that conduct air from the bronchi to the alveoli

61
Q

What do bronchi branch into?

A

a great number of secondary bronchi that eventually lead to bronchioles

62
Q

Describe the structure of bronchi.

A

resemble the trachea in structure, but as the bronchial tubes divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner and the small rings of cartilage are no longer present

63
Q

What does each bronchiole lead to?

A

an elongated space enclosed by millions of thin-walled sacs called alveoli

64
Q

What composes the lungs?

A

the components of the bronchial tree beyond the primary bronchi

65
Q

What are alveoli?

A

air sacs or air pockets in the lungs

66
Q

What are lungs?

A

paired, cone-shaped organs that occupy the thoracic cavity except for a central area that contains the trachea, thymus, heart, and esophagus

67
Q

How many lobes do the right and left lungs have?

A

right: 3
left: 2

68
Q

Why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?

A

allows room for the heart, whose apex points left

69
Q

What are lobes further divided into?

A

lobules, and each lobule has a bronchiole serving many alveoli

70
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

71
Q

Describe the structure of the lungs.

A
  • apex is narrow

- base is broad and curves to fit the dome-shaped diaphragm

72
Q

What is the pleura?

A
  • a very thin serous membrane that covers each lung

- another pleura covers the internal chest wall and diaphragm

73
Q

What do pleura membranes produce?

A

a lubricating serous fluid that helps the pleurae slide freely against each other during inspiration and expiration

74
Q

What is surface tension?

A

the tendency for water molecules to cling to each other due to hydrogen bonding between the molecules

75
Q

What does surface tension do for pleurae?

A

it holds the 2 pleurae layers together when the lungs recoil during expiration

76
Q

What happens to air with each inhalation?

A

air passes by way of the respiratory passageways to the alveoli

77
Q

What is each alveolus made up of?

A

simple squamous epithelium surrounded by blood capillaries

78
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

between the air in an alveolus and the blood in the capillaries

79
Q

How does gas exchange occur?

A
  • oxygen diffuses across the alveolar and capillary walls to enter the bloodstream
  • carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood across these walls to enter the alveoli
80
Q

What must alveoli do during gas exchange?

A

stay open to receive the inhaled air

81
Q

What is capable of causing alveoli to close up?

A

the surface tension of fluid coating the alveoli

82
Q

What prevents the alveoli from closing?

A

they are coated with PULMONARY SURFACTANT

83
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

a lipoprotein that lowers the surface tension and prevents alveoli from closing

84
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • the lungs collapse in newborns who lack pulmonary surfactant
  • leading cause of death of babies born prematurely
85
Q

How is infant respiratory distress syndrome treated?

A

by inserting a plastic tube into the trachea and administering oxygen as well as surfactant that is either synthetic or extracted form cows’ lungs

86
Q

What is extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation?

A

severely ill patients of infant respiratory distress syndrome can receive this treatment in which a cannula is installed in a large blood vessel, through which blood flows into a machine that adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide before being returned to the patient

(HS) Biology 12 (46 decks)

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