11.29 Sleep and Dreaming + TL

Question 1

what is a REM sleep disorder?

Answer 1

lack of suppression of muscle tone during REM sleep, dangerous, can act out dreams

Question 2

suvorexant

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

Answer 2

insomnia

orexin receptor antagonist

Question 3

what is the “deepest” sleep?

Answer 3

stage 4 SWS

Question 4

to transition from wakefulness to SWS, the __________________________ puts a break on the ARAS

Answer 4

medullary RF

Question 5

ramelteon

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

Answer 5

insomnia

melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist

Question 6

describe the EEG for REM sleep

Answer 6

high frequency and low amplitude

Question 7

the lateral hypothalamus produces two peptides important in wakefulness. what are these?

Answer 7

orexin and histamine

Question 8

during REM sleep, what is the state of the NTs? What is the state of the thalamus?

Answer 8

All NTs are completely shut off but acetylcholine

thalamus is in tonic mode

Question 9

the _______________ nuclei of the hypothalamus is involved in circadian rhythms (gets info from retina, melatonin, etc)

Answer 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 10

a lesion at the preoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus produces:

Answer 10

insomnia

Question 11

during REM sleep, what NT is elevated?

Answer 11

acetylcholine

Question 12

muscle tone ________ in SWS, but in REM:

Answer 12

decreases

it decreases even more

Question 13

blood flow to the brain _________ when transitioning from awake to SWS and that it ________ when transitioning from SWS to REM sleep

Answer 13

decreases

increases

Question 14

during _____, BP, RR, and HR increase

Answer 14

REM

Question 15

what activates REM-ON transition?

Answer 15

neurons from the pontine reticular formation turning on cholinergic neurons in the midbrain reticular formation

Question 16

orexin stimulates ___________

Answer 16

wakefulness

Question 17

during SWS, what are the levels of the NTs? State of the thalamus?

Answer 17

all NT levels are lower

thalamus is in burst mode

Question 18

buspirone

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

Answer 18

insomnia

5HT1A receptor partial agonist

Question 19

what are the two structures most important for sleep?

Answer 19

the hypothalamus and the brainstem

Question 20

the _____________________ in the rostral pons/caudal midbrain promotes wakefulness

Answer 20

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

Question 21

histamine = sleepiness or wakefulness?

Answer 21

wakefulness

Question 22

the tuberomammillary nucleus is located in the _________ hypothalamus and secretes ___________

Answer 22

lateral

histamine

Question 23

zolpidem

what is it used for?
mechanism of action

Answer 23

insomnia

potentiate GABAs ability to open GABAa chloride channels (frequency), short acting

Question 24

in what stage of sleep do people sleepwalk?

Answer 24

deepest SWS

Question 25

during _____, BP, RR, and HR decrease

Answer 25

SWS

Question 26

narcoleptic patients lack ________

Answer 26

orexin

Question 27

Cholinergic neurons in the midbrain reticular formation are activated by neurons form the _________________________ to activate the REM-ON activity.

Answer 27

pontine RF

Question 28

describe the EEG for slow wave sleep as compared to wakefulness

Answer 28

progressively larger amplitude and smaller frequency

Question 29

after a mid-pontine transection, the cortex is constantly __________

Answer 29

awake

Question 30

zaleplon what is it used for? mechanism of action

Answer 30

insomnia potentiate GABAs ability to open GABAa chloride channels (frequency), short acting

Question 31

a lesion at the tuberomammillary nucleus in the hypothalamus produces:

Answer 31

drowsiness

Question 32

eszopiclone what is it used for? what is the mechanism of action?

Answer 32

insomnia potentiate GABAs ability to open GABAa chloride channels (frequency), long acting

Question 33

sudden muscle paralysis triggered by strong emotion seen in narcolepsy

Answer 33

cataplexy

Question 34

modafinil what is it used for? mechanism of action

Answer 34

narcolepsy/sleep apnea increase the release of NE, dopamine, and histamine by possibly increasing orexin neuron activity

Question 35

in what sleep state do you have dreams?

Answer 35

REM

Question 36

neurons from the suprachiasmatic neurons project to the _______________, which then sends GABAergic projections to the ______________, producing sleepiness

Answer 36

preoptic area tuberomammillary nucleus

Question 37

during awake states, what NTs are increased? what mode is the thalamus in?

Answer 37

Serotonin, ACh, NE, and dopamine are increased tonic mode