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Neuro Exam 2-Final > 11.29 Sleep and Dreaming + TL > Flashcards

11.29 Sleep and Dreaming + TL Flashcards

1
Q

what is a REM sleep disorder?

A

lack of suppression of muscle tone during REM sleep, dangerous, can act out dreams

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2
Q

suvorexant

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

A

insomnia

orexin receptor antagonist

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3
Q

what is the “deepest” sleep?

A

stage 4 SWS

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4
Q

to transition from wakefulness to SWS, the __________________________ puts a break on the ARAS

A

medullary RF

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5
Q

ramelteon

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

A

insomnia

melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist

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6
Q

describe the EEG for REM sleep

A

high frequency and low amplitude

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7
Q

the lateral hypothalamus produces two peptides important in wakefulness. what are these?

A

orexin and histamine

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8
Q

during REM sleep, what is the state of the NTs? What is the state of the thalamus?

A

All NTs are completely shut off but acetylcholine

thalamus is in tonic mode

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9
Q

the _______________ nuclei of the hypothalamus is involved in circadian rhythms (gets info from retina, melatonin, etc)

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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10
Q

a lesion at the preoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus produces:

A

insomnia

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11
Q

during REM sleep, what NT is elevated?

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

muscle tone ________ in SWS, but in REM:

A

decreases

it decreases even more

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13
Q

blood flow to the brain _________ when transitioning from awake to SWS and that it ________ when transitioning from SWS to REM sleep

A

decreases

increases

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14
Q

during _____, BP, RR, and HR increase

A

REM

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15
Q

what activates REM-ON transition?

A

neurons from the pontine reticular formation turning on cholinergic neurons in the midbrain reticular formation

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16
Q

orexin stimulates ___________

A

wakefulness

17
Q

during SWS, what are the levels of the NTs? State of the thalamus?

A

all NT levels are lower

thalamus is in burst mode

18
Q

buspirone

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

A

insomnia

5HT1A receptor partial agonist

19
Q

what are the two structures most important for sleep?

A

the hypothalamus and the brainstem

20
Q

the _____________________ in the rostral pons/caudal midbrain promotes wakefulness

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

21
Q

histamine = sleepiness or wakefulness?

A

wakefulness

22
Q

the tuberomammillary nucleus is located in the _________ hypothalamus and secretes ___________

A

lateral

histamine

23
Q

zolpidem

what is it used for?
mechanism of action

A

insomnia

potentiate GABAs ability to open GABAa chloride channels (frequency), short acting

24
Q

in what stage of sleep do people sleepwalk?

A

deepest SWS

25
Q

during _____, BP, RR, and HR decrease

A

SWS

26
Q

narcoleptic patients lack ________

A

orexin

27
Q

Cholinergic neurons in the midbrain reticular formation are activated by neurons form the _________________________ to activate the REM-ON activity.

A

pontine RF

28
Q

describe the EEG for slow wave sleep as compared to wakefulness

A

progressively larger amplitude and smaller frequency

29
Q

after a mid-pontine transection, the cortex is constantly __________

A

awake

30
Q

zaleplon

what is it used for?
mechanism of action

A

insomnia

potentiate GABAs ability to open GABAa chloride channels (frequency), short acting

31
Q

a lesion at the tuberomammillary nucleus in the hypothalamus produces:

A

drowsiness

32
Q

eszopiclone

what is it used for?
what is the mechanism of action?

A

insomnia

potentiate GABAs ability to open GABAa chloride channels (frequency), long acting

33
Q

sudden muscle paralysis triggered by strong
emotion

seen in narcolepsy

A

cataplexy

34
Q

modafinil

what is it used for?
mechanism of action

A

narcolepsy/sleep apnea

increase the release of NE, dopamine, and histamine by possibly increasing orexin neuron activity

35
Q

in what sleep state do you have dreams?

A

REM

36
Q

neurons from the suprachiasmatic neurons project to the _______________, which then sends GABAergic projections to the ______________, producing sleepiness

A

preoptic area

tuberomammillary nucleus

37
Q

during awake states, what NTs are increased? what mode is the thalamus in?

A

Serotonin, ACh, NE, and dopamine are increased

tonic mode

Neuro Exam 2-Final (18 decks)

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