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Willys Flashing > 11.1 > Flashcards

11.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three axis of aircraft and their directions?

A

-Lateral = wing tip to tip
-Longitudinal = nose to tail
-Vertical = through centre

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2
Q

Which axis relates to each type of movement?

A

Lateral = Pitch
Longitudinal = Roll
Vertical = Yaw

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3
Q

What control do ailerons provide?

A

Longitudinal axis (Roll)

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4
Q

What are ailerons controlled by?

A

Yoke or side to side stick

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5
Q

How does the ailerons function in terms of creating roll movement?

A

An upward deflection on the wing that rolls downwards which reduces the Camberwell and therefore lift and a downward deflection on the opposing wing have the opposite effect

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6
Q

At high speed how can an exceeding of max load capacity be negated?

A

The outboard ailerons are locked and inboard are used only in some aircraft in addition to roll spoilers

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7
Q

What is one use of spoilers?

A

Supplemental aileron control

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8
Q

What control are elevators used for?

A

Pitch control

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9
Q

What control are stabilators used for?

A

Combined elevator and horizontal stabiliser action

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10
Q

What is the function of variable incidence stabiliser?

A

AKA (trimmable horizontal stabiliser)
For pitch trimming only, with less drag

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11
Q

What moves variable incidence stabilisers?

A

A screw jack mechanism

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12
Q

What is the primary function of canards?

A

Pitch control

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13
Q

What can canards effect?

A

-Stability
-Stall prevention
-High angle of attack manoeuvres
-Lift and trim

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14
Q

What is the function of the rudder?

A

Directional or yaw control

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15
Q

How is the rudder controlled?

A

With pedals

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16
Q

What is the purpose of rudder limiters?

A

To prevent structural damage at high speed

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17
Q

What is effected by rudder limiters?

A

The movement of the rudder not the pedal movement

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18
Q

What is the relationship between yaw and roll?

A

When yaw occurs one wing advances creating lift and causing roll

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19
Q

What is adverse yaw?

A

Induced drag cause the aircraft to yaw in the opposing direction to that of the roll

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20
Q

What can be used to limit adverse yaw

A

Frise ailerons

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21
Q

Which wing profile is particularly prone to instability in yaw and roll?

A

Swept

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22
Q

What is an elevon?

A

A combined surface on delta for pitch and roll control

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23
Q

What is a ruddervator?

A

V tail aircraft rudder and elevator combined

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24
Q

What are slots? Where are they used? Why and how?

A

-fixed convergent gaps
-primarily on outboards leading edge
-the allow high energy air to come up and re energise the boundary layer

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25
What do slots allow for?
-Slower speeds -higher angles of attack
26
What is the largest disadvantage of slots?
High Drag
27
How do slats work?
Basically a retractable slot, additionally increasing camber when not in use
28
What are flaps?
Secured to the trailing edge they increase lift by extending length and camber, they can tend to pitch nose down
29
What is the function of plain flaps and their design
- 50-55% increase in lift - pitch nose down - high drag
30
What is the design and function of split flaps?
- Stores flush and disconnects from main surface - Increases camber and lift by 60-65% - higher drag than plain flaps
31
How does a slotted flap function and how is it designed?
- The slots in the flaps re energise the boundary layer - camber increases but not surface are so there is no large increase in drag - lift goes up by 65-70%
32
How does the fowler flap function?
- 95% increase in lift - increases chord and camber - pitches nose down
33
Slotted fowler flap advantages?
- lowest drag penalty - fowler and slot design
34
When and how are leading edge flaps used?
Only in conjunction with conventional flaps on larger aircraft
35
What are leading edge droops and how do they function?
- Improves lift in higher angle of attack by improving airflow - rotates on the leading edge
36
What are Krueger flaps and how do they function?
A portion of the lower wing is mechanically rotated on top which increases camber
37
What are flaperons?
Ailerons that can function as flaps
38
What is the primary function of spoilers?
A hinged panel which creates drag
39
In terms of flight what can spoilers do?
Act is in flight speed brakes by being deployed at a limited lower angle
40
When ground spoilers are deployed how do they function?
They extend to the max level, produce drag often deploy automatically when armed to do so
41
How do roll spoilers function?
- Enhance roll control - oppose adverse yaw - outboard or mid span - applied at higher speed
42
What are speed brakes and how do they function?
- fuselage mounted panels - slow the aircraft - control speed
43
What is the function of wing fences?
Reduces wing spall tendency in swept wings by reducing span wise flow
44
What is the function of a saw tooth leading edge?
Reduces wing tip stall and limits boundary layer outflow through vortex creation
45
What is the function of vortex generators?
- re-energise slow moving boundary layer by taking high energy air from outside boundary layer - small airfoil section placed on larger wings
46
Function of stall wedges?
A ridge on the wing near the root to encourage root first stalls by encouraging flow separation
47
What are trim tabs?
They compensate for imbalance and allow for easier adjustment of control surfaces
48
Which direction is a trim tab deflected?
The opposing direction of the flight control surface
49
How does a balance tab function?
When a control surface is moved it moves automatically and reduces the force required however it reduces the effectivity of of the control surface
50
How does an anti balance tab function?
The tab moves in the same direction of the control surface to give resistance and give a feel for more accurate adjustments
51
What are servo tabs?
On larger aircraft used as an operating method for the primary flight control surface
52
How do spring tabs function?
Similar to a servo but only allow the surface to move once a specific value is overcome
53
Why is mass balancing done?
To limit fluttering
54
What is horn balance?
A designed shape or movement of the hinge which balances the aerodynamic force
55
How do balance panels function?
And upper and lower chamber sealed but allow outside pressure to enter through slots to aid in the control surface movement
56
What is the Mach number equation?
Velocity of object (V) / speed of sound (A)
57
Flow speeds of subsonic, transonic and supersonic?
- subsonic = Mach number below 0.8 - transonic = Mach number between 0.8 - 1.2 - supersonic = Mach number from 1.2 - 5
58
What is presumed in subsonic flight?
Air is incompressible
59
What is true of speed in transonic flight?
A normal shockwave forms at 90 degrees halfway over the wing, there is a combination of subsonic and supersonic flight and the centre of lift shifts backwards
60
What are the features of lift and characteristics of supersonic flight?
- The shockwaves are left behind and fixed to the trailing edge - There is almost no pressure change and a slight density change - low coefficient of lift and high coefficient of drag - drag is higher but not as high as transonic - lower lift
61
What is the critical Mach number?
The lowest speed that some airflow will be over the speed of sound
62
What is the compressibility buffet?
Around Mach 0.4 air becomes compressible creating a pressure wave drastically increasing drag
63
What is a shock wave?
An air barrier
64
What is a normal shockwave?
Forms at a right angle to the airflow path
65
In transonic flow what the increase in drag
The boundary layer thickens becoming turbulent and losing energy causing flow separation
66
What are oblique shockwaves?
The shockwave sticks to the leading edge sloping backwards
67
What is an expansion wave?
When supersonic flow travels over a curve or corner and changes direction
68
Where on a chord is the centre of lift in supersonic flow?
50 percent of chord position
69
Where on the chord is the centre of lift for subsonic flow?
25 percent of chord
70
What is wave drag?
Portion of total drag which is caused by shockwaves
71
How can you limit wave drag?
Area rule or vortex generator
72
Which design has the lowest theoretical wave drag?
Sears-haack body
73
What can be done to limit wave drag in terms of area rule?
Wasting or limiting change in shape
74
What temperature does aluminium alloy lose 80 percent of its strength?
250 degrees
75
What is the maximum axial velocity a gas turbine can accept?
Mach 0.4
76
How does a normal shock diffuser function?
It creates a normal shockwave, suitable for low supersonic speeds
77
What occurs when supersonic flow reaches a converging duct?
It chokes and velocity decreases
78
How does an oblique inlet work?
Creates one or a series of oblique shockwaves to minimise the intensity of the normal shockwave
79
What is the benefit of a variable supersonic inlet?
It can actuate depending on Mach
80
How does sweeping decrease mcrit?
Increases chord length
81
What is a typical sweepback angle?
30 degrees
82
What is the equation for profile thickness?
Actual thickness / chord length

Willys Flashing (24 decks)

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