McCrae and Costa Flashcards
the total number of primary traits, both normal and pathological, that Cattell and his associates identified is about
35
Individuals who score high on ____ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional, and vulnerable
neuroticism
Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to
enduring traits
Cattell and McCrae and Costa both used an ______ of gathering data
inductive method
In Cattell’s inductive method of research
no preexisting biases determine the collection of data
which biological mechanisms are rated as most influential on the basic tendencies?
genes, hormones, and brain structures
McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) can both ____ and _____ behavior
predict, explain
The trait ____ refers to people who are hardworking, self-disciplined, ambitious, and organized
conscientiousness
In the five-factor theory, behavior, in part, is predicted by three core components. which of the following is NOT a core component
external influences
Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as
ability
Costa and McCrae first solidified their long research collaboration as colleagues
at the National Institute on Aging’s Gerontology Research Center
Which of the following statements best reflects our understanding of the stability of personality
basic personality traits change very little beyond the age of thirty
which of Cattell’s media of observation could NOT be used with animals such as dogs or cats?
Q-data
Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions for a concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on
genetic factors and generating research
The advocates of the five-factor theory favor the ______ rotation of factor analysis
orthogonal
People who consistently seek out different and varied experiences would score high on
openness to experience
Trait theorists rely mostly on which method of identifying traits?
factor analysis
Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell’s
use of oblique (method) rotation
The five-factor model rates ____ as a trait that reflects an affectionate, active, fun-loving, and passionate person
extraversion
Cattell’s famous personality scale is called the ______
16 PF scale
Today, most researchers who study personality traits agree that __, and only __, and no fewer than ___ dominant traits continue to emerge from factor analytic techniques
5
In general, research testing the Five-factor model across cultures has revealed
that traits appear to be consistent in most countries of the world
the five factory theory rests on a single casual influence on personality traits. What is it?
biology
at present, most researchers who study personality traits favor the idea that ___ dominant traits emerge from the statistical techniques used to sift through volumes of test data
5
Research on traits and emotion tends to support the hypothesis that
people’s actions can subvert their predispositions to certain behaviors
McCrae and Costa agree with Eysenck that personality traits are ___ and follow the bell shaped curve
bipolar
the five factors have been found across cultures and show some permanence with
age
the key, ideal factor that has allowed costa and McCrae to investigate the trait-structure of personality has been
the large, well-established datasets of adults at the NIH in baltimore
the essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their ____ over time and situations
stability
The concept of humanity embodied by the Factor and Trait theories is best described as
biological
the major strength of the Factor and Trait approaches
is found in their ability to organize knowledge
“A theory organizes findings to tell a coherent story, to bring into focus those issues and phenomena that can and should be explained” this quote can be attributed to
Costa and McCrae
Characteristic adaptations differ from culture to culture because
they fluctuate over time and context, unlike basic tendencies, which are stable and enduring
Traits generated through factor analysis may be either ___ or ___
unipolar; bipolar
Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only ___ major factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach
3
According to Macrae and Costa, people high on this scale tend to be ordered, controlled, organized, and dishes, achievement focused, and self disciplined
C- conscientiousness
According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, accepted, and good-natured. Low __ scorers are generally suspicious, stingy, unfriendly, irritable, and critical of other people
agreeableness
According to Macrae and Costa, high __ scorers prefer variety in their life and are contrasted to low __ scores to have a need for closure and to gain comfort in their association with familiar people and things
openness
According to McCrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable to stress related disorders. People with low scores on __ tend to have opposite characteristics
neuroticism
According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be affectionate, jovial, talkative, a joiner, and fun loving, whereas low __ scorers tend to have opposing traits
E- extraversion
The essence of basic tendencies is their basis in biology and their ______ over time and situation.
stability
Cattell extracted more traits from his data than Eysenck. This is partially explained by Cattell’s
use of oblique (method) rotation.
In Cattell’s inductive method of research,
no preexisting biases determine the collection of data.
Costa and McCrae first solidified their long research collaboration as colleagues
at the National Institutes on Aging’s Gerontology Research Center.
People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be
good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting.
Cattell attempted to measure human personality from three directions, using L data, Q data, and T data. Which of the following is an example of T data?
aptitude test scores
Most of Costa and McCrae’s early research was focused on 3 main trait factors that included neuroticism, extraversion, and _________.
openness to experience
Which of the following statements would NOT be generally acceptable to factor and trait theorists?
Personality traits are mostly determined by environmental factors.
People who score in the direction of agreeableness tend to be
good-natured, yielding, generous, and trusting.
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality shares origins with Eysenck’s model in that
both rely on taxonomies to generate research.
Although factor and trait theories are difficult to rate on several dimensions for a concept of humanity, they clearly rate very high on
genetic factors and generating research.
Costa and McCrae (1996) summarize their trait model using a schematic drawing whereby peripheral components, comprised of causal, secondary influences on personality, are represented as
interconnecting lines.
A _________ is a classification of things according to their natural relationships while a _______ can both predict and explain behavior.
taxonomy; theory
Which term best describes the “acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environments”?
characteristic adaptations
The principal difference between basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations is
their flexibility.
The major strength of the Factor and Trait approaches
is found in their ability to organize knowledge.
McCrae and Costa used the concept of personal myths to equate to which concept(s)?
distorted ego perceptions
Personality psychologists are more likely to attribute behavior to _________.
enduring traits
Using the NEO-PI (1992) personality inventory, Costa and McCrae revealed two additional trait dimensions. They are
agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Cattell classified traits that refer to how far or how fast one can perform a given activity as ____________ traits.
ability
Which of the following is NOT an example of the four postulates for basic tendencies?
plasticity
McCrae and Costa (1996) objected to earlier personality theories as over-relying on
clinical events and armchair speculation.
People who score low on openness to experience tend to
show all of these characteristics in their personalities.
Individuals who score high on ____________ tend to be anxious, temperamental, emotional and vulnerable to stress-related problems.
neuroticism
According to Costa and McCrae, maladjustment occurs when
adaptive responses are inconsistent with personal goals or cultural values.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five trait factors in the Five-Factor model?
psychoticism
Which of the following is not one of Eysenck’s criteria for identifying factors?
inductive method of investigation
(social relevance
psychometric evidence
heritability)
