11 Synapse dysfunction and neural disorders Flashcards
What neural disorder is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) tries to cure?
MDD
What are the positive symptoms in schizophrenia?
(1) Hallucinations
(2) Delusions
(3) Thought disorders
(4) Movement disorders
What are the negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
(1) Lack of pleasure
(2) Lack of initiative
(3) Reduced speech
What are the cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
(1) Poor executive functioning
(2) Problem with working memory
(3) Trouble in focusing
What are the two main hypothesis for schizophrenia’s pathophysiology?
Dopamine hypothesis and glutamate hypothesis
In the dopamine hypothesis for Schizophrenia’s pathophysiology, which pathway is hyperactive and which pathway is hypoactive?
Mesolimbic pathway is hyperactive and mesocortical pathway is hypoactive
Dopamine receptor antagonists are used for which neural disorder?
Schizophrenia
What are the core deficits of Autism?
(1) Impaired social communication
(2) Restricted interests
(3) Repetitive behavior
What are the comorbid symptoms of Autism?
(1) Anxiety
(2) Seizures
(3) Attention deficits
(4) Aggressive behavior
(5) Sleep disorders
What are the two main pathways related to MDD?
TrkB-Akt-mTORC1 pathway and BDNF-release pathway
What are the two main genes affecting Autism?
SHANK3 and PTEN
What is the function of SHANK3?
Organises excitatory synapses
What are the functions of PTEN?
regulates neuronal proliferation, neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, e.g. LTD
What are the clinical features of Myasthenia Gravis (MG)?
ptosis / problems with facial expression, speech & swallowing /
weak limb movements / paralysis of respiratory muscles
What is the pathophysiology of MG?
(1) Lack of ACh receptors
(2) Damage of postsynaptic membrane
(3) Impaired transmission at neuromuscular junctions
(4) Ineffective generation of end-plate & action potentials in muscle cells
(5) Inhibited muscle contraction
