10.2 Qualitative Research Methods Flashcards
Methods
Phenomenology
Aim
- Learn and construct meaning of human experiences through intensive dialogue with individuals living that experience
Phenomenon
- “The Lived Experience”
Research Question
- Past or present lived experience
- “What is the human experience of”
Researcher Perspective
- Strives to identify personal biases and attempts to “bracket” their biases and assumptions.
Sampling
- Purposive sampling (individuals who have lived the experience)
Data Gathering
- Oral data, interviews, data collected until saturation achieved
Description of Findings
- Presented as themes that emerged from the data
Grounded Theory
Aim
- Inductive approach involving systematic set of procedures to arrive at a theory about basic social processes
Phenomenon
- Interested in social processes from human interaction or patterns of action and interaction between social units.
Research Question
- Basic social processes that shape human behavior
- “How does this social group interact to”
Researcher Perspective
- Pre-study literature review is done to allow the theory to emerge directly from the data
Sample Selection
- Purposive to participants who are experienced in the circumstance or events being studied
Data Collection
- Interviews and skilled observation in the social setting
Data Analysis
- Occurs simultaneously with data collection
- Interview questions evolve as researcher tests hunches and ideas to gather complete information
Constant Comparative Method
- Data is coded and continuously compared to new data
Grounded Theory
- Relationships between data categories
Description of Findings
- Detailed description of processes and evidence are used to develop new grounded theories
Ethnography
Aim
- Scientific description/interpretation of cultural/social groups and systems.
Phenomenon
- Studying different cultures
Research Question
- Patterns of behavior within the social context of culture or subculture
- “How does this culture group express their pattern of”
Researcher Perspective
- Researchers enter the world of their participant, watch what happens, listen to what is said, collect data that is available and makes sense of the world’s insider views.
Sample
- Cultural group living in the phenomenon being studied.
Data Gathering
- Immersion into study setting with observation, interviews, and interpretation
Data Collection
- Researcher collects and analyzes concurrently. Looks for meaning of cultural symbols and language
Description of Findings
- First-level description of the scene followed by structure and pattern level findings
Case Study Research
Aim
- Studies peculiarities and commonalities of specific case
Phenomenon
- Studying a single individual, family, community, or organization
Research Question
- Iterative approach where they ask initial question and then grow upon that with more questions. As data is collected, more questions emerge.
Researcher Perspective
- Researcher begins with etic perspective but evolves into emic perspective as participant narrative takes focus.
- “What are the details and complexities of the story of”
Sample Selection
- Select cases that offer the best possible learning
Data Gathering
- Interviews, field observations, document reviews
Data Analyses
- Concurrent with data gathering where researcher reflects and revises the meaning of work, searching for new patterns and variations in the patterns within and in-between cases
Description of Findings
- Based on patterns, a theory about the process under study is developed.
Case Study
- Chosen when we want to understand or learn more about an unusual patient case
- Often used for education
- Patient signs/symptoms, vitals, lab values, pathophysiology and medical/nursing treatment is reported along with other pertinent information
Research
- Systematic investigation in a natural setting
- Best suits “how” and “why” research questions.
Community-Based Participatory Research
- Used to systematically access the voice of the community to plan context-appropriate action.
- Assumes that the phenomenon cannot be separated from its context for the purpose of the study.
“Action Research”
- Look
- Think
- Act
