10.1e Kotter and Schlesinger Flashcards
Barriers to change:
- Lack of clear objectives
- Insufficient resources
- Inappropriately trained staff
- Organisational structure
- Staff resistance
Factors that limit the success of the change process:
- Resistance to change
- External factors
- Impact of change on employees
Examples of resistance to change:
- Low efficiency
- Aggression to management
- Passive resignation
What did Kotter and Schlesinger identify/suggest?
- The most common reasons for resisting change
- Ways of overcoming resistance to change
What are the common reasons for resistance to change suggested by K&S?
- Self-interest
- Different assessment of the situation
- Low tolerance for change
- Misinformation and misunderstanding
What does self-interest arise from?
Threat to job security, status and financial position
Organisational barriers to change:
- Structural inertia
- Existing power structures
- Failure of previous change
How to overcome barriers to change:
- Understand human behaviour
- Being able to deal with peoples reactions
What are the ways of overcoming resistance to change suggested by K&S?
- Education and communication
- Participation and involvement
- Facilitation and support
- Manipulation and co-option
- Negotiation and bargaining
- Explicit and implicit coercion
How does education and communication need to be delivered for maximum impact?
Consistently over a long-period of time
What is an issue with involvement?
How much involvement should be permitted
What does co-option involve?
Bringing specific individuals into roles that are part of change management (e.g. managers who are likely to be resistant otherwise)
What does manipulation involve?
The selective use of information to encourage people to behave in a particular way
Features of negotiating and bargaining:
- Idea is to give people who resist an incentive to change or leave
- Involves offering better financial rewards for those who accept, as well as rewards for leaving.
- Used when a business needs to restructure the organisation e.g. delayering
What does explicit coercion involve?
People being told exactly what the implications of resisting change will be
