Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Historical Geology (1-1) > 10/4 - 10/10 > Flashcards

10/4 - 10/10 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

Experiments on garden peas w/ different colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Mendel’s observation?

A

He observed that when self-fertilized, the colors were always the same / when he crossed the strains, he would get peas that could either have white or purple flowers (predictable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Chromosomes.

A

complex, double stranded circular molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define Genes.

A

specific segments of DNA that contain heritable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Do all non-bacterial organisms have paired chromosomes? Are they varied?

A

YES and YESSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Mitosis

A

asexual reproduction by cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Meiosis

A

process of dividing cells for sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is vertical and horizontal gene transfer?

A

Vertical - one generation of species to the next / Horizontal - one organism to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define Genetic Drift and what does it generally Involve?

A

Random changes in populations due to chance. / Generally involves traits not selected for or against by natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Red Queen Hypothesis.

A

evolution happening so a population maintains same ecological niche space, especially due to evolving competitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Example of Red Queen Hypothesis?

A

You have job / you wake up, you work till you go to sleep / You don’t get paid / Your coworkers are tryna kill you (literally) / The reward? To survive and live another day.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define Species

A

population of similar individual that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Hybrids.

A

offspring of 2 different species (often infertile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Microevolution

A

small changes within a species that separate out subpopulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Macroevolution.

A

large changes that lead to the origin of new species, genera,
family , orders, and classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Allopatric Speciation

A

Process when a population of species become isolated from the rest; prevents/limits gene flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Sympatric Speciation

A

speciation of 2 groups of same species live in same place but don’t interbreed (cause may be of disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s more common sympatric or allopatric speciation?

A

Allopatric speciation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define Phyletic Gradualism

A

A gradual accumulation of changes that leads to speciation (background evolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Species change little during their existence, then go through a
period of rapid change and speciation (cuz of extinction or global threat?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Divergent Evolution

A

Evolution where descendants are noticeably different from ancestors and possess new or unique traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Convergent Evolution

A

Process where unrelated species or groups develop similar
strategies or traits to deal with the same problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s more common convergent or divergent evolution.

A

Divergent.

25
Q

Define Phylogeny

A

study of the evolutionary history of a group

26
Q

Evolution depends on what factors?

A

Natural Variation is present and Natural selection happens based on that trait

26
Q

What are Living Fossils???

A

species which seem to have no change in millions of years

27
Q

What’s Cladistics?

A

Organization of organisms based on derived characteristics

28
Q

Primitive and Derived Cladistics meaning?

A

P - what they all had / D - mutated or altered trait that changes it from the standard

29
Q

Difference between phylogenetic tree and cladogram. (show with hands)

A

Pjy - like a tree with curvy lines / Clad - The whole things looks like a triangle.

30
Q

Define Theory?

A

Hypothesis that has withstood vigorous testing

31
Q

Who made and what is the system for categorizing species today?

A

Carolus Linnaeus made this system called the Linnaean System of Classification.

32
Q

Define Homologous Structures

A

physical characters specialized for a specific use

33
Q

Define Analogous Structures

A

physical characters that perform the same basic function but are dissimilar in form and structure

34
Q

Example of a homologous and analogous structure?

A

H - Oaks and maples have different leaves but on closer inspection, the basic parts are all the same, same pattern, and are used to perform similar functions / A - Bats and birds have wings for flying, but the internal structures and form of the wings are very different

35
Q

Define Atavism

A

kind of throwback structure (Caused by turning on genes which
evolution had previously turned off)

36
Q

Example of Atavism?

A

Human baby born with a tail / Dolphin born with rear flippers / Chick embryo with teeth gene turned on.

37
Q

Define Vestigial Structures.

A

Remnants of structures that were fully function in a species ancestors, but do not serve the same purpose now

38
Q

Example of vestigial structures

A

tail bones and wisdom teeth on people / hip bones in whales

39
Q

Define Biogeography

A

geographic distribution of organisms

40
Q

Who proposed that fossils settled out of flood waters based on density and shape? Who noted that a flood doesn’t fit the patterns of fossils seen?

A

John Woodward / Leonardo Da Vinci

41
Q

What’s the deal or problem with Missing Links?

A

Specie changes are just too gradual to see, or the changes follow punctuated equilibrium and there is no middle ground

42
Q

What Eons do the Precambrian contain?

A

Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic eons.

43
Q

How long does Precambrian span? What percentage of all geological time?

A

Approx. 4.06 billion years / 88%

44
Q

What are the 3 important events in the Hadean Eon?

A

Lunar Impact Event (Giant Impact Hypothesis) / Late Heavy Bombardment / Formation of the atmosphere and early crust

45
Q

Explain the Lunar Impact Event (Giant Impact Hypothesis)

A

Approx. 30-50 million yrs after Earth formed , it was impacted off-center (at an angle) by a Mars-sized planet thingy. They fused together, enriching the iron core of Earth, and tossed out a cloud of
debris which formed the moon.

46
Q

What’s the support for the Lunar Impact Event (Giant Impact Hypothesis)

A

Large, iron-heavy core of Earth (compared to the other rocky planets) / Light, silicate rich composition of Moon / Matching Isotope ratios on Earth &Moon / Moon rocks!!

47
Q

Explain the Late Heavy Bombardment event.

A

Steady Rain of comets and meteors from Earth’s formation about 3.8 billion yrs ago (Adds about 10% of Earth’s material, possibly kick-started the oceans)

48
Q

Explain the formation of the crust. (Hadean)

A

Heavy materials sank, light materials rose / cracks & volcanoes form / cracks lead to minor subduction / subduction leads to reprocessing of crustal material / which leads to proto continents

49
Q

Why are Archean Age Rocks Difficult to interpret?

A

Many are metamorphic or deformed / Most are deeply buried / contain very few fossils, and fossils that exist are not helpful

50
Q

Define Craton.

A

ancient ‘nucleus’ of a continent

51
Q

What are Platforms?

A

broad area reaching outward from Precambrian shield made of Precambrian rocks (overlain by more recent sediments)

52
Q

What are some of the oldest rock? (Starts with an A)

A

Acasta Gneiss

53
Q

What are Greenstone Belts?

A

metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic igneous rocks + some sedimentary rocks

54
Q

How do pillow basalts form?

A

By low viscosity lava flowing into water

55
Q

3 ways greenstone belts form?

A

By back-arc basin / rifting / drips

56
Q

Origin of a Cratons?

A

Early plates move more quickly = faster acceleration = fuse better

57
Q

How did Earth’s earliest atmosphere form and what was it mostly made of..?

A

Outgassing / Hydrogen and helium

Historical Geology (1-1) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions