1: Back Osteology Flashcards
Jefferson Fracture / Burst Fracutre
Fracture of both arches of the atlas (C1)
What causes Jefferson fracture
Blow to the top of the head
Does the Jefferson fracture injury the spinal cord typically?
No; unless the transverse ligament is ruptured too
Two types of Axis (C2) fractures
Hangman’s fracture, fracture of the dens
Hangman’s fracture
Vertebral arch fracture of C2, usually from hyperextending the head
What would break first, the dens or the transverse ligament?
Dens is weaker = breaks first
Dens healing if it breaks at the base vs inferior to the base
At the base: will not heat (no blood supply there)
Inferior to the base: much more likely to heal
Why are C spine vertebrae more likely to dislocate
They are more horizontal instead of anterior/posterior facing
Why is there not always injury involved with cervical vertebrae dislocations
C spine vertebral foramen is pretty large and accommodating
Spina bifida occulta
Vertebral lamina fails to close at vertebral canal of L5-S1
Spina bifida cystica
Incorporates neural tissue and meninges into spina bifida occulta
Spondylosis
DJD, calcification of edges of vertebral body -> pain and stiffness
Spondylolysis
Separation of vertebral arch from vertebral body
Spondylolisthesis
Anterior displacement of vertebral body on inferior vertebral segment, can occur secondarily to spondylolysis
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Narrowing of lumbar vertebral foramen - May cause compression of 1+ spinal nerve roots
Where to insert needle for lumbar puncture
Between L3/L4 or L4/L5
What creates a pop noise when doing a lumbar puncture?
Passing needle through the ligamentum flavum
Where do you want the needle to end up in a lumbar puncture?
Lumbar cistern; deep to arachnoid mater
Sacrilization of L5 vertebra
Partial/complete incorporation of L5 vertebral segment into the sacrum
Lumbarization of S1 vertebra
Separation of S1 from sacrum
Coccygodynia cause
Coccygeal trauma
Kyphosis vs lordosis
Kyphosis: exaggerated T spine curvature
Lordosis: exaggerated L spine curvature
Two things transmitted in the mastoid foramen
Mastoid emissary V + meningeal branch of occipital A
What does the mandibular fossa articulate with?
Condylar process of mandible at TMJ
What do the occipital condyles articulate with?
Superior articulating process of the atlas
Where is the groove for the vertebral artery on C1?
On the posterior arch
What transmits the vertebral artery in the C spine?
Transverse foramen C1-C6
Where are spinous processes often bifid?
C spine
Anterior tubercle on C6 is called what?
Carotid tubercle
Superior vs inferior costal facet on T spine
Superior costal facet: art w costal head of same numeric segment
Inferior costal facet: art w costal head of rib below
Transverse costal facets
Articulate with costal tubercle of same numeric segment
Crest of the head of the rib
Separates superior and inferior articular facets of the rib
What runs in the costal groove of ribs?
Intercostal N’s and vessels
Accessory process of L spine transverse processes
At the base of the transverse process; attachment site for intertransversarii muscles
Mammillary process: two attachments
Multifidi, intertransversarii
Sacral promontory
Anteriorly-projecting edge of vertebral body of S1
What do the auricular surfaces of the sacral alae articulate with?
Articular surface of ilium
Medial, median, and lateral sacral crests
Medial: fused spinous processes
Median: fused articulating processes
Lateral: fused transverse processes
What do the posterior and anterior sacral foramina transmit?
Posterior: posterior rami
Anterior: anterior rami
What forms the sacral hiatus?
Gap left due to absence of lamina and spinous processes of S5
What what do the transverse lines of the anterior sacrum represent?
Fusion of the sacral vertebrae
What does the sacral canal transmit?
Cauda equina
What does the coccygeal cornua articulate with?
Sacral cornua
