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Body Structures H&N > 05a: Pharyngeal Arches > Flashcards

05a: Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards

1
Q

Pharyngeal arches have a core of (X) tissue, surrounded by (Y) tissue on outside and (Z) tissue on inside.

A 
X = mesenchymal (paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm, neural crest cells)
Y = surface ectoderm
Z = endodermal epithelium
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2
Q

T/F: neural crest cells migrate only into specific pharyngeal arches.

A

False - migrate into all of them

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3
Q

First pharyngeal arch has (X) number of prominence(s) formed by (Y). List them.

A 
X = 2
Y = migrating neural crest cells
  1. Maxillary prominence
  2. Mandibular prominence
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4
Q

Which pharyngeal arch never forms?

A

Fifth

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5
Q

Pharyngeal (X) partially separate the pharyngeal arches.

A

X = grooves (clefts) and pouches

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6
Q

Pharyngeal grooves/clefts are composed of (X) tissue. Pharyngeal pouches are (external/internal) outpockets of (Y) tissue.

A

X = ectoderm
Internal;
Y = endoderm

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7
Q

The pharyngeal membranes are (X)-layered structures of (Y) tissue.

A 
X = 2
Y = ectoderm and endoderm
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8
Q

Each pharyngeal arch contains which structures?

A
  1. Cartilaginous skeletal and muscle component
  2. CT component
  3. Cranial nerve
  4. Aortic arch artery
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9
Q

T/F: All pharyngeal arches form simultaneously.

A

False - cranial to caudal fashion

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10
Q

Face bones and skull form via (X) bone formation, meaning the bone develops in:

A

X = intramembranous

Develops in well vascularized mesenchyme

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11
Q

Limbs/weight-bearing bones form via (X) bone formation, meaning the bone develops in:

A

X = endochondral (intra-cartilaginous)

Develops in pre-existing cartilage model

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12
Q

Maxillary prominence of (X) pharyngeal arch has which cartilage? The cartilage has large contribution to (Y).

A

X = first;
Palatopterygoquadrate cartilage
Y = nothing (regresses; no remnants)

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13
Q

Mandibular prominence of (X) pharyngeal arch has which cartilage? The prominence has large contribution to (Y).

A

X = first
Meckel’s cartilage;
Y = face

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14
Q

Incus and Malleus form from (X), part of (Y) pharyngeal arch. They form via (Z) bone formation.

A 
X = Meckel's cartilage (of mandibular prominence)
Y = first
Z = endochondral
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15
Q

The perichondrium of Meckel’s cartilage forms:

A
  1. Anterior ligament of malleus

2. Sphenomandibular ligament

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16
Q

Maxillary prominence of (X) pharyngeal arch forms (Y) bones via (Z) process of bone formation.

A 
X = first
Y = Temporal (squamous part), maxillary, zygomatic, palatine
Z = intramembranous
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17
Q

Mandible forms from (X), part of (Y) pharyngeal arch. It form via (Z) bone formation.

A 
X = mandibular prominence
Y = first
Z = intramembranous
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18
Q

T/F: All bones formed from first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme via intramembranous ossification are derived from neural crest cells.

A

True

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19
Q

Muscles of first pharyngeal arch, with innervation from (X) nerve.

A

X = trigeminal

  1. Mastication muscles (4)
  2. Tensor veli palatini
  3. Tensor tympani
  4. Anterior digastric
  5. Mylohyoid
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20
Q

Second pharyngeal arch has (X) cartilage that gives rise to:

A

X = Reichert’s

  1. Stapes
  2. Styloid process
  3. Stylohyoid ligament
  4. Lesser horn and upper body of hyoid
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21
Q

Muscles of second pharyngeal arch, with innervation from (X) nerve.

A

X = facial

  1. Facial expression muscles
  2. Stapedius
  3. Stylohyoid
  4. Posterior digastric
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22
Q

Third pharyngeal arch gives rise to (X) bones via (Y) process.

A 
X = lower body and greater horn of hyoid
Y = endochondral ossification
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23
Q

Muscles of third pharyngeal arch, with innervation from (X) nerve.

A

X = glossopharyngeal

Stylopharyngeus

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24
Q

(X) and (Y) pharyngeal arches merge together and form (Z) via which ossification process?

A 
X = fourth
Y = sixth
Z = laryngeal cartilages

No ossification process

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25
Q

(X) cartilages of fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches are the only ones that form from (Y).

A 
X = laryngeal;
Y = lateral plate mesoderm
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26
Q

Muscles of fourth pharyngeal arch, with innervation from (X) nerve.

A

X = vagus (pharyngeal branch)

  1. Soft palate muscles (except TVP)
  2. Pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus)
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27
Q

Muscles of sixth pharyngeal arch, with innervation from (X) nerve.

A

X = vagus (recurrent laryngeal branch)

  1. Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
  2. Upper esophagus
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28
Q

First pharyngeal arch artery

A

Maxillary

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29
Q

Second pharyngeal arch artery

A

Stapedial and hyoid arteires

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30
Q

Third pharyngeal arch artery

A

Common carotid and proximal ICA/ECA

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31
Q

Fourth pharyngeal arch artery

A

Left: Aortic arch and left subclavian
Right: Right subclavian

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32
Q

Sixth pharyngeal arch artery

A

Pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

33
Q

Pharyngeal pouches and clefts are (cranial/caudal) to same-numbered arch.

34
Q

(X) pharyngeal pouch forms stalk-like extension that expands toward (Y). What do the proximal and distal portions of the pouch form?

A 
X = first
Y = first pharyngeal cleft;

Distal: epithelial lining of tympanic cavity
Proximal: narrows to form eustachian tube

35
Q

Second pharyngeal pouch forms (X) in adult.

A

X = epithelium of palatine tonsil

36
Q

Which specific tissue type proliferates in (X) to eventually form epithelium of palatine tonsil?

A

X = second pharyngeal pouch

Epithelial lining (endoderm)

37
Q

Third pharyngeal pouch forms (X) and (Y) regions. What does each become?

A 
X = dorsal;
Y = ventral

Dorsal: Inferior parathyroid (glandular epithelial cells)
Ventral: Stroma of thymus

38
Q

T/F: The glandular epithelial cells of parathyroid formed from pharyngeal pouch are the chief cells that secrete PTH.

39
Q

Fourth pharyngeal pouch forms (X) and (Y) regions. What does each become?

A 
X = dorsal;
Y = ventral

Dorsal: Glandular epithelial cells of superior parathyroid
Ventral: Ultimobranchial body (parafollicular cells in thyroid, surrounding thyroid follicles)

40
Q

Only adult derivates of pharyngeal grooves.

A

First pharyngeal groove becomes external auditory meatus

41
Q

Only adult derivates of pharyngeal membrane.

A

Tympanic membrane

42
Q

Tongue develops as a result of proliferation of (X) tissue.

A

X = endoderm and mesenchyme (of pharyngeal floor)

43
Q

Anterior (X) portion of tongue forms from swellings of mesenchyme beneath (Y) tissue of (Z) pharyngeal arch. List the swellings and star those that contribute to adult tongue.

A 
X = 2/3
Y = endodermal epithelium
Z = first

2 lateral swellings* and 1 median swelling

44
Q

Posterior (X) portion of tongue forms from swelling of mesenchyme beneath (Y) tissue of (Z) pharyngeal arch. This swelling is formally called:

A 
X = 1/3
Y = endodermal epithelium
Z = third and fourth

Hypobranchial/hypopharyngeal

45
Q

During tongue development, the (X) arch(es) overgrow the (Y) arch and fuse with anterior portion at (Z) landmark.

A 
X = third and fourth
Y = second
Z = terminal sulcus
46
Q

Muscles of tongue arise from (X) that migrate forward to developing tongue. The (Y) nerve follows during migration to innervate (most/all) tongue muscles.

A

X = occipital somites
Y = hypoglossal
Most (not palatoglossus)

47
Q

List tongue muscles. Star those innervated by common CN (X).

A
  1. Palatoglossus
  2. Styloglossus*
  3. Hyoglossus*
  4. Genioglossus*
48
Q

General sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue provided by (X) branch of CN (Y).

A 
X = lingual
Y = 5
49
Q

Special (taste) sensation to anterior 2/3 tongue provided by (X) branch of CN (Y).

A 
X = chorda tympani
Y = 7
50
Q

General sensation to posterior 1/3 tongue provided by CN (X).

A

X = 9 and 10 (small portion)

51
Q

Special (taste) sensation to posterior 1/3 tongue provided by CN (X).

52
Q

First endocrine gland to develop is (X). It’s first seen as thickening of (Y) tissue on floor of (Z), between which pharyngeal arches?

A 
X = thyroid gland
Y = endoderm
Z = upper pharynx

1st and 2nd arches

53
Q

T/F: The thyroid diverticulum forms epithelial lining of thyroid and glandular cells migrate in.

A

False - diverticulum forms glandular cells of thyroid

54
Q

A mass of proliferating endoderm at foramen cecum of developing (X) will eventually migrate in which directions to become (Y)?

A

X = tongue
Migrates caudally and ventrally;
Y = thyroid gland

55
Q

In adult, the foramen cecum is a remnant of (X) that persists as pit in (Y).

A 
X = proximal thyroglossal duct
Y = tongue (junction between anterior 2/3 and post 1/3)
56
Q

T/F: The entire thyroid gland develops from thyroid diverticulum.

A

False - Parafollicular cells develop from ultimobranchial body (4th pharyngeal pouch)

57
Q

A branchial cyst/fistula will be located (laterally/midline) along (X) border of (Y) muscle.

A

Laterally;
X = anterior
Y = SCM

58
Q

A thyroglossal cyst is remnant of (X) and can be found (laterally/midline) at (Y).

A

X = thyroglossal duct;
Midline;
Y = any point of migration path of thyroid gland

59
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome is manifestation of a (X) syndrome that presents in which symptoms?

A

X = first arch

  1. Malar (zygomatic) and mandibular hypoplasia
  2. Ear/eye malformation
60
Q

Robin Syndrome is manifestation of a (X) syndrome that presents in which symptoms?

A

X = first arch

Triad complex (sequential):

  1. Mandible hypoplasia
  2. Posteriorly placed tongue
  3. Cleft palate
61
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome is result of failure of (X) to differentiate. It presents in which symptoms?

A

X = third and fourth pharyngeal pouch

  1. Hypoplasia or absent thymus (immune deficiencies)
  2. Absence of parathyroids
  3. CV and facial abnormalities
62
Q

The five facial prominences consist primarily of (X)-derived (Y) tissue. List these prominences.

A 
X = neural crest cell
Y = mesenchyme
  1. Maxillary (bilateral)
  2. Mandibular (bilateral)
  3. Frontonasal (midline)
63
Q

Thickenings of surface ectoderm appear on both sides of frontonasal prominence and are called (X). These eventually invaginate to form (Y), surrounded by (Z).

A 
X = nasal placodes
Y = nasal pits
Z = nasal prominences (medial and lateral)
64
Q

The (medial/lateral) nasal prominence is separated from the maxillary prominence by (X).

A

Lateral;

X = nasolacrimal groove

65
Q

(X) tissue on the floor of the nasolacrimal groove forms (Y) cord that eventually becomes (Z).

A 
X = ectoderm;
Y = epithelial
Z = nasolacrimal duct
66
Q

Maxillary prominences proliferate and grow (outward/inward).

A

Inward (toward each other)

67
Q

As development continues, the medial nasal prominences will undergo (superficial/deep) compression and form (X). Which structures will develop from (X)?

A

Both superficial and deep;
X = intermaxillary segment

  1. Philtrum (of upper lip)
  2. Premaxilla (with 4 incisor teeth)
  3. Primary palate
68
Q

T/F: The intermaxillary segment, once formed, is fused to maxillary prominences on each side of it.

69
Q

Secondary palate forms which part(s) of adult palate?

A

Majority of hard palate and all of soft palate

70
Q

Primary palate forms which part(s) of adult palate?

A

Small part of adult hard palate

71
Q

Secondary palate forms by fusion of (X), which are internal projections of (Y).

A 
X = lateral palatine shelves
Y = maxillary prominences
72
Q

During development of (primary/secondary) palate, which structure may initially be in the way of palatine shelf fusion?

A

Secondary; the tongue

73
Q

The nasal septum develops as (upward/downward/medial) growth of which structure?

A

Downward; frontonasal prominence

74
Q

In order for normal development of adult palate, which key fusions must occur?

A

Lateral palatine shelves with each other and with:

  1. Primary palate
  2. Nasal septum
75
Q

Bone develops in (hard/soft) palate(s) by (X) ossification.

A

Hard;

X = intramembranous

76
Q

Soft palate has (bone/cartilage) and muscle that migrates from (X).

A

Neither;

X = pharyngeal arches

77
Q

The incisive fossa is a persistent (X) between (Y).

A 
X = canal;
Y = premaxilla and palatine parts of the maxilla
78
Q

(X) is dividing landmark between anterior and posterior cleft deformities.

A

X = incisive fossa

79
Q

T/F: Three categories of cleft palate/lip, depending on whether lip, palate, or both is/are affected.

Body Structures H&N (14 decks)

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