04a: Pharynx and Larynx

Question 1

List the regions that make up the pharynx.

Answer 1

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Question 2

Superior and inferior borders of nasopharynx.

Answer 2

Base of skull to distal uvula

Question 3

Superior and inferior borders of oropharynx.

Answer 3

Distal uvula to apex of epiglottis

Question 4

Superior and inferior borders of laryngopharynx.

Answer 4

Apex of epiglottis to arytenoid cartilage

Question 5

Posterior anchor of pharynx is formed by (X) tissue and formally called (Y).

Answer 5

X = (thin) connective
Y = pharyngeal raphe

Question 6

The (X) muscles, which is/are the largest pharynx muscle(s), originate(s) on:

Answer 6

X = superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Pharyngeal raphe

Question 7

The characteristic “gaps” in lateral walls of pharynx are between:

Answer 7

1. Base of skull and superior pharyngeal constrictor
2. Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors
3. Lower border of hyoid and upper thyroid cartilage

Question 8

Upper pharyngeal gap is covered by (X).

Answer 8

X = pharyngobasilar fascia

Question 9

The (X) pharyngeal gap transmits a ligament, nerve, and muscle. Name them.

Answer 9

X = middle

1. Stylohyoid ligament
2. CN IX
3. Stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 10

The (X) pharyngeal gap is completed by (Y) ligament and transmits (Z) neurovascular bundle.

Answer 10

X = lower
Y = thyrohyoid
Z = internal laryngeal

Question 11

List the muscles associated with pharynx.

Answer 11

1. Pharyngeal constrictors (3)
2. Stylopharyngeus
3. Salpingopharyngeus
4. Palatopharyngeus

Question 12

Tonsils are masses of (X) tissue. List the specific types of tonsils.

Answer 12

X = lymphoid

1. Lingual
2. Pharyngeal
3. Palatine

Question 13

Lingual tonsils location.

Answer 13

Posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 14

Pharyngeal tonsils location.

Answer 14

Above and behind pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube

Question 15

Palatine tonsils location.

Answer 15

Fossa between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches (in oral cavity)

Question 16

Larynx lies anterior to which vertebrae?

Answer 16

C3-6

Question 17

Laryngopharynx is located where, wrt larynx?

Answer 17

Posterior

Question 18

Which key ligaments suspend (X), the “clothes hanger” for the larynx?

Answer 18

X = hyoid bone

Stylohyoid ligaments

Question 19

List the single, unpaired cartilages of the larynx.

Answer 19

1. Thyroid
2. Cricoid
3. Epiglottic

Question 20

(Smallest/largest) cartilage of larynx is also the most superficial. Which cartilage is this?

Answer 20

Largest;

Thyroid

Question 21

Which structure forms the Adam’s Apple?

Answer 21

Thyroid cartilage (of larynx)

Question 22

(X) guards the opening of the trachea.

Answer 22

X = epiglottic cartilage

Question 23

(X) cartilage attaches to the first ring of the trachea.

Answer 23

X = cricoid

Question 24

The body of the larynx is formed by which two principal structures?

Answer 24

Thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Question 25

(X) and (Y) cartilages of larynx articulate by two hinge joints.

Answer 25

``` X = thyroid Y = cricoid ```

Question 26

List the paired cartilages of the larynx.

Answer 26

1. Arytenoid 2. Corniculate 3. Cuneiform 4. Cartilagio triticea

Question 27

Arytenoid cartilages are located atop (X). List the ways in which they can move.

Answer 27

X = cricoid cartilage Rotate; slide forward or laterally

Question 28

(X) cartilages resemble small horns and are located atop (Y).

Answer 28

``` X = corniculate Y = arytenoid cartilages ```

Question 29

(X) cartilages are embedded in ari-epiglottic folds. What's the function?

Answer 29

X = cuneiform Stiffen it to prevent inward collapsing

Question 30

(X) laryngeal cartilages, literally meaning "rice-grain" are teensy bits of cartilage embedded in (Y) ligament.

Answer 30

``` X = cartilagio triticea; Y = thyrohyoid ```

Question 31

List the principle synovial joints in laryngeal apparatus. Which motion found at each?

Answer 31

1. Cricothyroid (hinge) | 2. Crico-arytenoid (sliding and rotation)

Question 32

Unlike intrinsic muscles, extrinsic muscles of larynx contract and move (X) relative to (Y).

Answer 32

``` X = entire larynx Y = surrounding structures ```

Question 33

List extrinsic elevator muscles of larynx.

Answer 33

1. Geniohyoid 2. Stylohyoid 3. Mylohyoid 4. Digastric

Question 34

List extrinsic depressor muscles of larynx.

Answer 34

1. Omohyoid 2. Sternohyoid 3. Sternothyroid 4. Thyrohyoid

Question 35

(X) is the only external muscle of larynx that acts on the internal (Y) joint. What's its action?

Answer 35

X = Y = cricothyroid 1. Flexion of cricothyroid joint (forward) 2. Increase tension on vocal cords

Question 36

List intrinsic muscles of larynx (yes - all of them)...

Answer 36

1. Cricoarytenoids (posterior and lateral) 2. Thyroarytenoid (ft. Vocalis) 3. Transverse and oblique arytenoids 4. Aryepiglotticus

Question 37

Posterior cricoarytenoids contract and cause (X) action for (Y) purpose.

Answer 37

``` X = Wide aperture; vocal folds open (via rotation of arytenoids) Y = inhalation ```

Question 38

Lateral cricoarytenoids contract and cause:

Answer 38

Vocal folds to close; narrow aperture (via rotation of arytenoids)

Question 39

Eustachian, aka (X), tube, has what type of texture in its proximal/distal parts?

Answer 39

X = pharyngotympanic Bony (proximal) and cartilaginous (distal)

Question 40

Eustachian tube is a tube that runs between (X) and (Y).

Answer 40

``` X = tympanic cavity Y = pharynx ```

Question 41

List muscles that help open/close eustachian tube. Which nerves innervate each?

Answer 41

1. Tensor veli palatini (V3 of CN V) 2. Levator veli palatini (CN X) 3. Tensor tympani (V3 of CN V) 4. Sphyngopharyngeus (CN X)

Question 42

Arytenoid cartilages articulate with cricoid cartilage (anteriorly/posteriorly) and (superiorly/inferiorly).

Answer 42

Posteriorly; superiorly

Question 43

Cricoid cartilage has lateral facets for articulation with (X) process of (Y).

Answer 43

``` X = inferior horn Y = thyroid cartilage ```

Question 44

Laryngeal prominence of (X) cartilage is on which surface?

Answer 44

X = thyroid Anterior

Question 45

Epiglottic cartilage is attached to (X) via (Y) ligament.

Answer 45

``` X = thyroid cartilage Y = thyro-epiglottic ligament ```

Question 46

Epiglottic tubercle is on which surface of epiglottis?

Answer 46

Posterior

Question 47

List the processes (and respective direction they face) of arytenoid cartilage.

Answer 47

1. Apex (superior) 2. Muscular (lateral) 3. Vocal (anterior)

Question 48

Thickening of thyrohyoid membrane forms (X) ligaments laterally and (Y) ligament medially.

Answer 48

``` X = lateral thyrohyoid Y = median thyrohyoid ```

Question 49

The true vocal ligament is formed by:

Answer 49

Upper free margin of the cricothyroid ligament

Question 50

What's the conus elasticus?

Answer 50

Lateral portions of cricothyroid ligament

Question 51

Upper border of quadrangular membrane.

Answer 51

Lateral border of epiglottis

Question 52

"False" vocal ligaments are formed by:

Answer 52

Thickening of lower border of quadrangular membrane

Question 53

What are the anterior and posterior attachments of the false vocal, aka (X) ligaments?

Answer 53

X = vestibular; Arytenoid/corniculate cartilages and inside of thyroid cartilage

Question 54

What forms the true and false vocal cords?

Answer 54

Mucosa of larynx forms true (vocal) and false (vestibular) folds around the vocal and vestibular ligaments

Question 55

Inward slips of (X) muscle fibers project right into the true vocal cords. This inward projection of muscle is called (Y).

Answer 55

``` X = thyroarytenoid Y = vocalis ```

Question 56

Free margin of true vocal cord has which type of tissue lining?

Answer 56

Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized)

Question 57

Transverse and oblique arytenoid muscle contract and causes:

Answer 57

Closing/adduction of vocal cords

Question 58

Oblique arytenoid muscle contracts and causes:

Answer 58

Closing of vocal cords (via rotation of arytenoids)

Question 59

Sensory innervation to larynx at level of (X). Anything below receives innervation via (Y).

Answer 59

X = vocal fold Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve; Y = recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 60

T/F: All innervation of larynx derived from Vagus nerve.

Answer 60

True

Question 61

List blood supply to larynx and the arteries each branch stems from.

Answer 61

1. Superior thyroid (external carotid) 2. Superior laryngeal (superior thyroid) 3. Inferior thyroid (thyrocervical trunk) 4. Inferior laryngeal (inferior thyroid)

Question 62

T/F: The plexus of veins draining larynx parallels the arteries.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Superior laryngeal vein drains into (X), which drains into (Y).

Answer 63

``` X = superior thyroid vein Y = internal jugular vein ```

Question 64

Inferior laryngeal vein drains into (X), which drains into (Y).

Answer 64

``` X = inferior thyroid vein Y = brachiocephalic vein ```

Question 65

Vocalis action:

Answer 65

Fine-tunes locations at which vocal folds are tense/loose

Question 66

The (X) nerve that accompanies the superior thyroid artery is damaged during surgery. This injury impairs cricothyroid muscle, causing (increase/decrease) in tension of vocal cords.

Answer 66

X = external laryngeal | Decrease

Question 67

T/F: Posterior cricoarytenoids are the sole abductors of the vocal folds.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

The tendon of the (X) curves around the pterygoid hamulus to insert on (Y).

Answer 68

``` X = tensor veli palitini Y = soft palate ```