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Body Structures B&L > 04a: Embryogenesis > Flashcards

04a: Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

The ovary has (endocrine/exocrine) production of:

A

Both!
Endocrine: hormones
Exocrine: ova

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2
Q

The first (X) days of menstrual cycle are called (Y). What occurs?

A 
X = 4
Y = menstrual phase

Functional layer is sloughed off

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3
Q

The second phase of menstrual cycle is called (X) and (Y) occurs. Around which days of cycle is this phase?

A 
X = proliferative phase
Y = Functional layer proliferates

Days 5-14

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4
Q

The third phase of the menstrual cycle is called (X) and (Y) occurs. Around which days of cycle is this phase?

A 
X = secretory phase
Y = thick functional layer exists

Days 15-28

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5
Q

Ovulation occurs at approximately day (X) of menstrual cycle.

A

X = 14

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6
Q

The fertilization, or (X), age dates pregnancy from:

A

X = conception

The time of fertilization

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7
Q

The menstrual, or (X), age dates pregnancy from:

A

X = clinical/gestational

Woman’s last normal menstrual period

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8
Q

The (X) age of embryo is (Y) weeks greater than the (Z) age. Why?

A 
X = menstrual
Y = 2
Z = fertilization

2 weeks elapse between start of her last menstrual cycle and fertilization

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9
Q

The (X) stage of baby development lasts for the first (Y) (days/weeks/months) after fertilization.

A 
X = Embryonic
Y = 8 weeks
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10
Q

List some key characteristics of the embryonic stage.

A
  1. Zygote formation
  2. Division/migration/implantation
  3. Organ formation
  4. Teratogen sensitivity
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11
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental factors that disrupt development of embryo

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12
Q

From about (X) (weeks/months) old until birth, the embryo is in the (Y) stage.

A 
X = 9 weeks
Y = fetal
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13
Q

List some key characteristics of the fetal stage.

A
  1. Rapid fetal growth
  2. Organ systems function
  3. Sex organ formation
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14
Q

Day (X) of menstrual cycle equals Day 1 of fertilization.

A

X = 14 (ovulation)

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15
Q

Which structures are ovulated, aka released from (X) and into (Y).

A 
X = ovarian follicle (ovary)
Y = peritoneal cavity

Oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata

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16
Q

What’s the zona pellucida?

A

Glycoprotein structure surrounding oocyte

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17
Q

What’s the corona radiata?

A

Specialized cells of ovarian follicle that surround zona pellucida

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18
Q

Until about (X) day after fertilization, a solid mass of cells called (Y) exists.

A 
X = 4-5
Y = morula
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19
Q

The zona reaction occurs when (X). What is this reaction?

A

X = one sperm penetrates zona pellucida

Change in properties of zona pellucida, making it impermeable to other sperm

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20
Q

Morula absorbs fluid and forms large central cavity. The developing embryo is then called:

A

Blastocyst

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21
Q

Which key event must take place a few days after fertilization in order for implantation/growth of blastocyst to occur?

A

Degeneration of zona pellucida

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22
Q

T/F: The developing embryo must be a blastocyst to enter the uterus.

A

False - enters as morula

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23
Q

List the layers of the uterine walls, from most external to most internal.

A
  1. Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
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24
Q

Outer cell mass of blastocyst is (X) cell layers thick and is depicted in (Y) color. What’s it formally called?

A 
X = 1
Y = pale green

Trophoblast

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25
Q

Inner cell mass of blastocyst is depicted in (Y) color. What’s it formally called?

A

Y = blue

Embryoblast

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26
Q

(X) of blastocyst gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues that form (Y).

A 
X = trophoblast
Y = placenta
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27
Q

(X) of blastocyst gives rise to intra-embryonic cells.

A

X = embryoblast

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28
Q

Site of contact for implantation between (X) and endometrium is formally called (Y).

A 
X = blastocyst
Y = embryonic pole
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29
Q

T/F: Embryonic pole is always at site about 180 degrees from embryoblast.

A

False - pole always closest to inner cell mass (embryoblast)

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30
Q

What’s the usual site of implantation?

A

Posterior, superior wall of uterus

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31
Q

An “out of place” pregnancy is formally called:

A

an ectopic pregnancy

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32
Q

Implantation induces the (X) to proliferate into (Y) layers, called:

A 
X = trophoblast
Y = 2
  1. Cytotrophoblast
  2. Syncytiotrophoblast
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33
Q

The (cytotrophoblast/syncytiotrophoblast) is actively mitotic and giving rise to (X).

A

Cytotrophoblast;

X = Syncytiotrophoblast

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34
Q

Function of Syncytiotrophoblast.

A

Breaks down tissues, vessels, etc. of endometrium to allow migration and implantation of embryo

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35
Q

The pregnant endometrium is formally called:

A

the decidua

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36
Q

The presence of (X) hormone (allows/prevents) (Y) hormones to be released from ovary, to maintain pregnancy.

A

X = hCG
Allows;
Y = Progesterone and estrogen

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37
Q

hCG is produced by:

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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38
Q

Upon implantation, the cells of embryoblast reorganize into:

A
  1. Epiblast layer

2. Hypoblast layer

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39
Q

The epiblast and hypoblast are what type of cell layers?

A

Epithelial

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40
Q

Epiblast layer is the (ventral/dorsal) aspect of (X) disc and develops to surround:

A

Dorsal;
X = bilaminar
amniotic cavity

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41
Q

Hypoblast layer is the (ventral/dorsal) aspect of (X) disc and develops to surround:

A

Ventral;
X = bilaminar
Yolk sac

42
Q

T/F: Hypoblast layer doesn’t contribute to cells of developing embryo.

A

True

43
Q

What’s the primitive endoderm?

A

Another name for hypoblast layer

44
Q

Umbilical vesicle is another name for:

A

Yolk sac

45
Q

T/F: The yolk sac contains yolk.

A

False

46
Q

The embryo is nourished via (X) networks.

A

X = lacunar

47
Q

Amniotic membrane surrounds embryo, preventing (X) and allowing (Y).

A 
X = mechanical injury
Y = normal fetal movements
48
Q

Sources of amniotic fluid:

A
  1. Amnion cells
  2. Maternal tissue
  3. Fetal urine
49
Q

Oligohydramnios refers to:

A

Low volumes of amniotic fluid

50
Q

Polyhydramnios refers to:

A

High volumes of amniotic fluid

51
Q

The (X) week of development is the week of the 3-layered disc.

A

X = third

52
Q

Production of the three primary germ layers is called:

A

Gastrulation

53
Q

List the layers produced by gastrulation.

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

54
Q

The primitive streak develops on (cranial/caudal) end and represents:

A

Caudal;

Site of cell migration

55
Q

The primitive node develops on (cranial/caudal) end of primitive streak and presents as:

A

Cranial;

A bit of elevated area

56
Q

Gastrulation begins when (X) cells migrate toward and through (Y).

A 
X = epiblast
Y = primitive streak
57
Q

The (X) gives rise to all three germ layers in gastrulation.

A

X = epiblast layer

58
Q

First germ layer to form during gastrulation is (X). This forms by:

A

X = endoderm;

Epiblast cells migrate and replace entire hypoblast layer

59
Q

Second germ layer to form during gastrulation is (X). This forms by:

A

X = mesoderm;

Epiblast cells migrate between two existing layers (epiblast layer and endoderm layer)

60
Q

Third germ layer to form during gastrulation is (X). This forms by:

A

X = ectoderm;

Epiblast cells that remain after endoderm and mesoderm layers have been formed

61
Q

The primitive streak lasts until END of (X) (week/month) of development.

A

X = 4th week

62
Q

Most common newborn tumor is called (X) and results due to:

A

X = sacrococcygeal teratoma

Remnants of primitive streak remain and continue proliferating (form tumor)

63
Q

During the (X) week of development, the notochord forms. These are cells from (Y) layer that form along (Z) axis.

A 
X = third
Y = axial mesoderm
Z = cranial-caudal
64
Q

Development of (X) is related to the location of the notochord. Elaborate.

A

X = vertebral column and base of skull

Develop around notochord

65
Q

Notochord is important for its (X) function. Which two key events are stimulated as a result?

A

X = signaling (induction)

  1. Conversion of overlying surface ectoderm into neural tissue
  2. Transformation of mesodermal cells of somites into vertebral bodies
66
Q

Adult remnants of notochord.

A

Nucleus pulposus of IV disc

67
Q

Which cells/layers fall under the “ectoderm”?

A
  1. Epithelium (surface ectoderm)
  2. Neural crest cells (eventually become mesenchyme)
  3. Neural ectoderm
68
Q

As the (X) and (Y) grow, the primitive streak shortens.

A 
X = neural plate
Y = embryonic disc
69
Q

Neural plate develops into:

A

Primordial CNS

70
Q

The (squamous/cuboidal/columnar) epithelial cells of the neural plate are called:

A

Columnar; Neuroepithelium/neuroectoderm

71
Q

Bending of (X) results in neural folds and groove. This bending proceeds from (cranial/caudal) to (cranial/caudal).

A

X = neural plate

Cranial to caudal

72
Q

What’s the fate of the neural plate bending?

A

Neural folds fuse, so neural tube forms within mesoderm (mesenchyme)

73
Q

Meroanencephaly is a result of:

A

Failure of rostral neuropore to close during fourth week

74
Q

Rates of neural tube defects have been significantly reduced following administration of which vitamin/mineral?

A

Folic Acid

75
Q

As neural tube fuses, what’s the fate of neural crest cells?

A

Migrate into mesenchyme on either side of tube

76
Q

T/F: Neural crest cells migrate to various locations and differentiate into both neural and non-neural cells.

A

True

77
Q

T/F: Neural crest cells give rise to the cells of the CNS and PNS as well as other critically important structures.

A

False - CNS comes from neural plate

78
Q

Note that neural crest cells were originally (endo/meso/ecto)derm.

A

Ectoderm

79
Q

Note that neural crest cells (do/don’t) undergo differentiation.

A

Do; from ectoderm into mesenchyme

80
Q

Epidermis, hair, and nails are derivatives of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = surface ectoderm

81
Q

CNS is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = neural ectoderm

82
Q

Retina is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = neural ectoderm

83
Q

Lens of eye is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = surface ectoderm

84
Q

Muscle is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

Mesoderm

85
Q

Posterior pituitary gland is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = neural ectoderm

86
Q

Anterior pituitary is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = surface ectoderm

87
Q

Connective tissue is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

Mesoderm

88
Q

Mammary gland is derivative of (X) (endo/meso/endo)derm.

A

X = surface ectoderm

89
Q

How does embryonic mesoderm begin to organize in week (X)?

A

X = 3

Into three distinct longitudinal columns

90
Q

List the three organized columns of mesoderm that form, from medial to lateral.

A
  1. Paraxial
  2. Intermediate
  3. Lateral
91
Q

Cranially, the paraxial mesoderm organizes into:

A

Somitomeres

92
Q

Caudally, the paraxial mesoderm organizes into:

A

Somites

93
Q

T/F: The age of the embryo can be correlated to number of somites.

A

True

94
Q

Each somite forms its own:

A
  1. Sclerotome (axial skeleton)
  2. Myotome
  3. Dermatome
95
Q

Cells of somites migrate to (common/specific) destination and give rise to:

A

Specific (for each somite);

  1. Segmental bone (axial skeleton)
  2. Skeletal muscle
  3. Dermis/CT of back
96
Q

The intermediate myotome gives rise to:

A

Urogenital system

97
Q

The lateral mesoderm develops (X) that separate it into which layers?

A

X = cavities

  1. Somatic (parietal) mesoderm
  2. Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
98
Q

The body wall forms from (X) mesoderm and (overlying/underlying) (Y).

A

X = somatic
Overlying;
Y = ectoderm

99
Q

The gut wall forms from (X) mesoderm and (overlying/underlying) (Y).

A

X = splanchnic
Underlying;
Y = endoderm

100
Q

Parietal means in relation to:

A

body wall

101
Q

Visceral means in relation to:

A

gut wall

Body Structures B&L (14 decks)

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