02a: Back, Vertebral Column Flashcards
Superficial back muscle primarily concerned with which actions?
Positioning and moving limbs
Intermediate back muscle primarily concerned with which actions?
Respiration
Deep back muscle primarily concerned with which actions?
Move/maintain axial skeleton position (posture)
Which back muscles are not “true” back muscles?
Superficial and intermediate layers (don’t actually act on the back)
Adults have (X) number of vertebrae. What’s the breakdown?
X = 26
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacral (5 fused) 1 coccygeal (4 fused)
A typical vertebra has (X) number of processes. List them.
X = 7
1 spinous
2 transverse
4 Articular
Pedicles of vertebra attach:
Body to transverse processes
Lamina of vertebra attach:
Spinous process to transverse processes
SC runs through the (X).
X = vertebral canal
Articulate processes of two successive vertebrae form which joint? Which type of cartilage present?
Synovial; hyaline
C1, aka (X), lacks which structure?
X = atlas
Body and spinous process
The lateral masses on (X) vertebra interact with (Y) on skull.
X = C1 Y = occipital condyles
Which cervical vertebra is the strongest?
C2
C2, aka (X), has which special structure?
X = axis
Dens (odontoid process)
Which motion found at atlanto-occipital joint?
Gliding (flex/extend)
Which motion found at atlanto-axial joint?
Rotation
(X) vertebrae have special foramen in (Y). What passes through here?
X = cervical Y = transverse processes
Vertebral arteries
(X) vertebrae have special facets called (Y). What are they for?
X = thoracic Y = costal
Articulation with ribs
Primary spine curvature develops at which point in life?
In utero
Primary spine curvature is found in (X) parts of spine and is (concave/convex) anteriorly.
X = thoracic and sacral
Concave
Secondary spine curvature develops at which point in life?
First 1-2 yr of life
Secondary spine curvature is found in (X) parts of spine and is (concave/convex) anteriorly.
X = cervical and lumbar
Convex
Kyphosis is:
Hunchback (abnormal increase in posterior curvature of spine)
(X) abnormal curvature typically found in pregnant women.
X = hyperlordosis
Scoliosis is:
Abnormal lateral curvature of spine
List possible actions of spine.
- Flexion/extension
- Lateral flexion
- Rotation
Joints between articulate processes of vertebrae are formally called:
Zygapophyseal joints
Intervertebral joints are between (X) of vertebrae. What kind of joint?
X = bodies
Fibrocartilaginous (symphysis)
IV discs are made up of:
Fibrocartilage and water
IV discs serve which primary function?
Absorb shock
What are the parts of the IV disc?
- Anulus fibrosis
2. Nucleus pulposus
Which type of motion found at zygapophyseal joints?
Plane/gliding
List the ligaments that support vertebral column.
- Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments
- Ligamentum flavum
- Interspinous ligament
- Supraspinous ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament runs from (X) to (Y).
X = skull (occipital bone) Y = sacrum
Posterior longitudinal ligament runs from (X) to (Y).
X = C2 Y = sacrum
Tectorial membrane is continuous with:
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Which ligament attaches to tips of vertebral spines?
Supraspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum connects:
Lamina of adjacent vertebrae
Interspinous ligament connects:
Spines of adjacent vertebrae
Ligamentum nuchae is:
Continuation of Supraspinous ligament (in cervical region)
There are (X) number of SC segments. List them.
X = 31
8 C 12 T 5 L 5 S 1 Cocc
There are (X) enlargements of SC. Why?
X = cervical and lumbar
More nerves going to extremities
SC ends at (X), around which number vertebrae?
X = conus medullaris
L1/2
Spinal nerves exit via:
Intervertebral foramen
In cervical region, spinal nerves exit (above/below) respective vertebrae.
Above
Most common SC sites of disc herniations.
L4/5 or L5/S1
Second most common sites of disc herniations.
C5/6
Herniated disc may be due to:
- Disc degeneration
- Excessive weight
- Bad posture
- Improper lifting
Herniations of disc commonly occur in which direction? Why?
Posterolaterally;
- anulus fibrosus is relatively thin
- No support from post/ant long ligaments
Disc herniations differ between which two SC regions? This is due to (X).
Cervical and lumber;
X = difference in size and structure of intervertebral foramen
In cervical region, disc herniation affects nerve (above/at/below) that level.
At
In lumbar region, disc herniation affects nerve (above/at/below) that level.
Below
Spina bifida occurs when:
Vertebral laminae fail to fuse
Spins bifida occulta
One or more L or S spinous processes fail to fuse (asymptomatic)
Spina bifida (X) may result in hydrocephalus.
X = cystica
In spina bifida cystica (meningocele), what protrudes through spinal column defect?
Meninges (contains CSF)
In spina bifida cystica (meningomyelocele), what protrudes through spinal column defect?
Meninges and SC
List deep muscles of back.
- Erector spinae
- Splenius capitis and cervicis
- Semispinalis capitus
Spinotransversales muscle group includes:
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Splenius capitis originates on (X) and inserts on (Y).
X = spinous processes Y = skull
Splenius cervicis originates on (X) and inserts on (Y).
X = spinous processes Y = transverse processes (C1-C4)
Semispinalis capitis originates on (X) and inserts on (Y).
X = transverse processes Y = skull
Serratus posterior (sup and inf) originate on (X) and inserts on (Y).
X = spinous processes Y = ribs
Splenius capitis innervation
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Splenius cervicis innervation
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Semispinalis capitis innervation
Dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves
Erector spinae innervation
Dorsal rami of (respective) spinal nerves
Splenius capitis action
Unilateral: ipsilateral flexion and rotation of neck
Bilateral: extend head/neck
Splenius cervicis action
Unilateral: ipsilateral flexion and rotation of neck
Bilateral: extend head/neck
Semispinalis capitis action
Extension of neck and contralateral rotation of head
Erector spinae action
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion of vertebral column
Bilateral: extension of vertebral column
List the intermediate back muscles
Serratus post (sup and inf)
List the superficial back muscles
- Traps
- Lats
- Rhomboids (major and minor)
- Locator scapulae
When giving an endurance anesthetic, list ligaments that needle passes through.
- Supraspinous
- Interspinous
- Ligamentum flavum
