041 Vaccinations

Question 1

What type of vaccine is used against BCG?

Answer 1

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 2

What type of vaccine is used against Polio?

Answer 2

Live attenuated oral vaccine; inactivated vaccine

Question 3

What type of vaccine is used against Tetanus?

Answer 3

Subunit vaccinations or passive immunization

Question 4

What type of vaccine is used against Hep A?

Answer 4

Subunit vaccines

Question 5

What type of vaccine is used against Hep B?

Answer 5

Inactivated vaccine

Question 6

What type of vaccine is used against MMR?

Answer 6

Live attenuated vaccine

Question 7

What type of vaccine is used against Rabies?

Answer 7

Inactivated vaccine; passive immunization

Question 8

What type of vaccine is used against influenza?

Answer 8

Inactivated vaccination

Question 9

What type of vaccine is used against meningococcus?

Answer 9

Subunit vaccine

Question 10

What type of vaccine is used against botulism?

Answer 10

Passive immunization

Question 11

What type of vaccine is used against diptheria?

Answer 11

Subunit vaccination

Question 12

What are adjuvants and give and example?

Answer 12

These boost the immune response to co-delivered antigen by providing long term depot of antigen and by stimulating antigen-presenting cells. Common use is alum (aluminium hydroxide/alumnion phosphate.

Question 13

What are the 5 different types of vaccinations?

Answer 13

Live attenuated vaccination
inactivated vaccination
subunit vaccine
passive immunisation 
conjugate vaccine

Question 14

What type of vaccine is used against polysaccharide antigens? Against what organisms?

Answer 14

Conjugate vaccine - H. influenza, S. pneumonia, N. meningitis

Question 15

How do conjugate vaccinations work?

Answer 15

The antigen is attached to a protein that will stimulate the more appropriate immune response against both itself and the antigen.

Question 16

What is the basic reproductive number? R0

Answer 16

The number of cases that arise from a single case

Question 17

What is herd immunity?

Answer 17

You do not need to immunize everybody in order to protect everybody.

Question 18

What is the main protective aspect of intracellular bacteria?

Answer 18

TH1 CD4 T cells

Question 19

Who discovered the small pox vaccine and how?

Answer 19

Edward Jenner by giving prior exposure to vaccina (a closely related virus)

Question 20

What is the main protective aspect of extracellular bacteria?

Answer 20

Antibodies

Question 21

What is the main protective aspect of viruses?

Answer 21

CD8 T cells, Tc, antibody

Question 22

What are some current vaccinations that are being developed?

Answer 22

MenC - Meningococcal Group C conjugate
PVC - Pneumococcal conjugated vaccine
HPV 16/18 - Cervarix cervical cancer vaccine

Question 23

When was the last case of small pox?

Answer 23

1977

Question 24

What is required for subunit vaccines?

Answer 24

Booster shots and adjuvants are needed

Question 25

Why is the polio oral vaccination more favorable than the injection?

Answer 25

Because polio replicates in the gut and is transmitted fecal-orally before it causes pathology in the nervous system. This not only prevents disease, but also transmission.