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Zoology > Zoology Test 3d > Flashcards

Zoology Test 3d Flashcards

1
Q

Subphyla of Chordates

A
  • Urochordates
  • Cephalochordates
  • Vertebrata
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2
Q

types of Urochordates

A
  • tunicates or sea squirts
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3
Q

types of Cephalochordates

A
  • lancelets or amphioxus
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4
Q

super classes of Vertebrata

A
  • Agnatha

- Gnathostomata

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5
Q

Agnatha

A
  • hagfish
  • lamprey
  • jawless vertebrates (primitive characteristic: came from jawless ancestors)
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6
Q

classes of Gnathostomata

A
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Actinopterygii
  • Sarcopterygii
    jawed vertebrates
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7
Q

types of Chondrichthyes

A
  • sharks
  • skates
  • rays
  • chimeras
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8
Q

types of Actinopterygii

A

ray-finned bony fish

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9
Q

types of Sarcopterygii

A

lobe-fined bony fish

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10
Q

five features of chordates

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal nerve cord
  • pharyngeal gill slits
  • postanal tail
  • endostyle or thyroid gland
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11
Q

characteristics of notochord

A
  • supporting structure of chordate body
  • present in all life stages of primitive chordates
  • present only in early stages of advanced chordates
  • replaced by vertebral column during development of advanced vertebrates
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12
Q

characteristics of dorsal nerve cord

A
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cors

- clusters of ganglia at anterior end of nerve cord (brain or CNS)

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13
Q

characteristics of pharyngeal gill slits

A
  • outer ectoderm comes into contact with endoderm of pharynx and openings are formed
  • original use was pharyngeal filter feeding, later, gills were added to arches between slits
  • been retained and put to other uses
  • forms jaws and inner ear; forms tonsils, parathyroid, thymus and eustachian tube
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14
Q

what are the arches?

A

supportive structure that lies between each gill opening

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15
Q

characteristics of endostyle/thyroid gland

A
  • secretes mucus that traps small food particles brought into pharyngeal cavity
  • secretes iodine-contianing porteins
  • homologous to thyroid gland in vertebrates
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16
Q

characteristics of postanal tail

A
  • tail extends beyond anus
  • used in propulsion through water
  • retains this function in many chordates, but is present in embryo of all chordates
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17
Q

characteristics of Urochordates

A
  • “tunicata” because a covering (“tunic”) containing cellulose surrounds body
  • some species forcefully discharge a jet of water from excurrent siphons when irritated
  • about 2000 species
  • marine
  • mostly sessile
  • solitary, colonial and compound forms all occur, compound forms share single tunic
  • closed circulatory system
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18
Q

why do tunicates have excurrent siphon?

A

they are pharyngeal filter feeders that pull water into basket-like pharynx via action of cilia
- water exits via the excurrent siphon

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19
Q

postanal tail in tunicates?

A
  • free swimming larva posses all five chordate characteristics
  • undergoes metamorphosis and loses tail and notochord, dorsal nerve cord reduced
  • becomes sessile adult
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20
Q

characteristics of cephalochordates

A
  • 2-3 inches long
  • inhabits sandy bottoms of marine coastal areas around world
  • anchors itself into bottom via tail
  • filter feeds
  • only 25 species
  • have all five characteristics
  • closed circulatory system
  • sexes separate
  • simple nervous system
  • simple sense organs
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21
Q

feeding in cephalochordates

A
  • water in mouth, then through pharyngeal slits
  • endostyle produces mucus to capture particles
  • water exits pharynx then leaves body thru atriopore
  • food in mucus cord enters digestive tract
22
Q

chordate evolution

A
  • all current evidence points to fee-swimming creature as ancestral chordate, with sessile tunicates representing secondary condition
23
Q

characteristics of vertebrata

A
  • cranium (braincase)
  • 3 part brain
  • head with paired sense organs
  • 2+ chambered heart
  • other physiological changes to support high metabolism
24
Q

characteristics of lampreys

A
  • smooth, scaleless skin
  • paired pectoral and pelvic fins are absent
  • only have single dorsal fin
  • notochord persists throughout development and present as main supporting structure in adult
  • ventrally located circulatory system with two chambered heart
25
Q

what is unique about lampreys?

A
  • undergo metamorphosis from ammocoete larva to adult

- ammocoete larvae probably resembles ancient ancestor

26
Q

feeding in lampreys

A
  • some use their sucker-like moth to parasitize fish; can kill host because they don’t stay long
  • others eat vegetation
27
Q

What is a fish?

A
  • aquatic vertebrate with gills
  • appendages in form of fins
  • skin with scales of dermal origin
  • gnathostomes
28
Q

jaw evolution in Gnathostomes

A
  • jaws formed from the gill supports (gill arches)
  • considerable anatomical evidence supports idea-relics of this transformation are seen during development of modern sharks
29
Q

characteristics of appendages in Chondrichthyes

A

paired pectoral and pelvic appendages

30
Q

Chondrichthyes skeleton

A
  • a living endoskeleton, no need to molt
  • is totally cartilaginous
  • cartilaginous skeleton is secondarily derived, since ancestors of sharks had true bone
  • skeleton can grow with the organism
31
Q

characteristics of sharks

A
  • whale shark (39 feet long, 47000 lbs)
  • eats plankton collected on a sieve mesh over its gills, thus filter feeder
  • basking shark and megamouth sharks are filter feeders
32
Q

most sharks are what kind of feeders?

A
  • most are predators
  • replaceable teeth
  • sensitive palette
33
Q

sensory adaptations in sharks

A
  • large olfactory organs can detect prey from kilometer or more away
  • can detect chemicals in water as low as 1 part per billion
  • extreme separation of nostrils in hammerhead sharks, which may enhance stereo-olfaction
  • follow chemical gradient
  • lateral line system
  • composed of special neuromast cells in pores that extend length of body
  • lamprey and bony fish have lateral line system too
  • acute sense of hearing
  • excellent vision, even in dim water
  • ampullae of Lorenzini sense of bioelectric fields that surround animals
34
Q

other adaptations in sharks

A
  • shape and skin allow bursts of speed up to 18 mph
  • skin allows them to be hydrodynamically quiet
  • large liver filled with squalene that helps to maintain buoyancy despite large body
  • neterocercal tail that allows them to stay afloat
35
Q

squalene

A

oil with density only 86% that of water

36
Q

osmoregulation in sharks

A
  • retain nitrogenous compounds in blood to raise blood solute concentration above that of seawater
  • rectal gland secretes fluid containing high concentration of NaCl
37
Q

what are sharks vulnerable to overfishing?

A
  • slow rates of maturation and reproductive turn-over
  • give birth to relatively minuscule numbers of young when compared to other fish
  • many species breed only every other year and have 13 month gestation period
38
Q

shark finning

A
  • cut off fins which kills them
  • don’t kill sharks before finning
  • makes shark fin soup
  • shark cartilage helps cure cancer
39
Q

circulatory system in Chondricthyes

A
  • two chambered heart

- closed circulatory system

40
Q

reproduction in Chondricthyes

A
  • dioecious

- internal fertilization

41
Q

shark reproduction

A
  • oviparous
  • ovoviviparous
  • viviparous
42
Q

oviparous

A

some lay eggs

43
Q

ovoviviparous

A

many have eggs that hatch inside the body

44
Q

viviparous

A

some sharks have primitive placenta and give birth to fully-formed young

45
Q

How do skates and rays differ from sharks?

A
  • most are specialized for bottom dwelling
  • dorsoventrally flattened body with greatly enlarged pectoral fins that are fused to head and used like wings in swimming
  • water enters gill chambers via dorsally-located spiracles behind eyes, to prevent clogging of gills with sand
46
Q

reproduction in rays

A

viviparous

47
Q

reproduction in skates

A

oviparous

48
Q

feeding in rays and skates

A
  • most have crushing teeth to feed on molluscs, crustaceans and fish
  • some (electric rays) can produce strong electric discharge to stun prey of for protection
  • some (manta ray) are plankton filter feeders, like whale, megamouth and basking shark
49
Q

characteristics of electric ray

A
  • produce 8 to 220 volts
50
Q

characteristics of manta rays

A
  • have remoras as passengers (cleaner fish)

Zoology (21 decks)

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