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Zoology > Zoology Final d > Flashcards

Zoology Final d Flashcards

1
Q

common mammal characteristics

A
  • mammary glands
  • sweat glands
  • hair
  • 3 middle ear bones
  • neocortex in the brain
  • diaphragm
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2
Q

skin

A
  • hair follicles located in dermis of skin

- as new cells are produced they are carried away from their source of nourishment and die, turning into keratin

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3
Q

two kinds of hair

A
  • underhair

- guard hair

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4
Q

underhair

A
  • for insulation

- so dense in aquatic mammals that i keeps them from getting wet

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5
Q

guard hair

A

for protection and coloration

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6
Q

skin glands

A
  • sebaceous glands that produce sebum

- scent glands used for communication; located on head, penis, anal region, back of head, legs, armpits

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7
Q

two types of sweat glands

A
  • eccrine glands

- apocrine glands

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8
Q

eccrine glands

A

for evaporative cooling

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9
Q

apocrine glands

A
  • associated with reproductive cycle

- types: mammary gland

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10
Q

mammary gland

A

occur on all female mammals and in rudimentary form on males

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11
Q

horns and antlers

A
  • horns have core of bone and are permanent

- antlers develo in spring beneath velvet and are shed each year

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12
Q

What animal has been pushed to brink of extinction by demand for its horns?

A

white rhinoceros from Asia Africa

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13
Q

teeth

A
  • sets mammals apart and reveals life habits

- mammals have heterodont (different) dentition, where reptiles have homodont (same) dentition

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14
Q

dentition

A

teeth

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15
Q

animals with homodont dentition

A

american crocodile

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16
Q

animals with heterodont dentition

A

fox

tiger

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17
Q

what are different types of teeth in mammals

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • molars
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18
Q

incisors

A

used to nip, seize food

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19
Q

canines

A

used to kill, stab prey

20
Q

premolars

A

used for slicing and crushing

21
Q

molars

A

used for crushing

22
Q

diphyodont dentition

A

having two sets of teeth:

  • temporary set (baby teeth)
  • permanent set
23
Q

deciduous teeth are what?

A
  • baby teeth

- milk teeth

24
Q

different feeding types in mammals

A
  • insectivores
  • carnivores
  • omnivores
  • herbivores
  • variations have occurred such as filter feeding in whales
25
Q

characteristics of insectivores

A
  • short intestine, no cecum

- little fibrous vegetable matter that requires prolonged fermentation

26
Q

characteristics of nonruminant herbivores

A
  • elephants, rodents, horses rabbits
  • cecum serves as fermentation chamber harboring microorganisms that can break chemical bonds of cellulose
  • simple stomach, large cecum
27
Q

characteristics of ruminant herbivores

A
  • cattle, bison, goats, antelopes
  • four-chambered stomach with large rumen
  • cud formed in rumen returned to mouth for chewing, then back to rumen
  • relatively long intestines
28
Q

rumen

A

chamber to help in digesting cellulose

29
Q

what are the three different types of herbivores?

A
  • nonruminant herbivores
  • ruminant herbivores
  • herbivores that exhibit coprophagy
30
Q

herbivores that exhibit coprophagy

A
  • hares, rabbits, some rodents

- eat own feces to give food second pass through cecum

31
Q

characteristics of carnivores

A
  • short intestine and colon, small cecum
  • no need to feed continuously as herbivores do
  • get enough our of what we they do eat
32
Q

characteristics of omnivores

A
  • small or no cecum

- relatively long intestine

33
Q

respiration in mammal

A

possess diaphragm for creating negative pressure to suck air into lungs

34
Q

pinnae

A
  • adaptation of head
  • external ears
  • used to catch sound, thermoregulation
35
Q

ears in mammals

A
  • more complex inner ear

- 3 middle ear bones: malleus, incus and stapes

36
Q

hearing in mammals

A
  • very well-developed especially in bats
  • echolocation enables bats to navigate in total darkness
  • toothed whale and dolphins use echolocation too
37
Q

earliest synapsids reptiles

A
  • pelycosaurs
  • neural spines of vertebrae supported large sail-like structure, possibly for thermoregulation
  • teeth show beginnings of heterdont dentition
38
Q

synapsids

A

refers to shape of skull, holes in head for attachment of jaw muscles

39
Q

After synapsids, came therapsids….

A

had efficient erect gait with upright limbs positioned beneath the body

40
Q

after therapsids, came cynodants….

A
  • high metabolic rate
  • increased jaw musculature
  • mammal-like, heterodont dentition
41
Q

skull characteristics

A

secondary cony palate enabling animal to suckle and breathe at same time, also to eat and breathe at same time
- separates nasal cavity from oral cavity

42
Q

what is the most primitive group of mammals?

A
  • prototherians
  • internal fertilization, egg-laying mammals
  • duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater
  • other names: echidna and monotherians
43
Q

what is the second major group of mammals?

A
  • metatherians

- young nourished via primitive placenta in a pouch called marsupium

44
Q

types of marsupials

A
  • kangaroo
  • koala
  • tasmanian devil
  • wombat
  • opossum
45
Q

what is the most advanced major group of mammals?

A
  • eutherians

- true placental mammals

46
Q

types of eutherians

A
  • dolphins
  • humans
  • cows
47
Q

endangered mammals

A

reasons for endangerment:

  • habitat loss
  • poaching
  • pesticides and other toxins
  • global warming

Zoology (21 decks)

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