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Zoology > Zoology Test 2d > Flashcards

Zoology Test 2d Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive radiation

A

describes the evolution of many new species from common ancestor

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2
Q

mollusc origins

A
  • originated in ocean, but now in almost every freshwater and terrestrial habitat
  • very large phylum
  • 50,000 extant species
  • 35,000 extinct species
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3
Q

symmetry of mollusc

A
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • some have secondarily derived asymmetry
  • contains eucoelomate
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4
Q

general characteristics of mollusc

A
  • muscular foot for crawling, burrowing and grasping
  • visceral mass which contains internal organs
  • mantle which secretes calcium carbonate shell
  • soft unsegmented body
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5
Q

reproduction in mollusc

A
  • most dioecious, some monoecious

- some have direct and some have indirect development

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6
Q

Development in mollusc

A
  • mostly direct development

- larvae stage though is trocophore larvae

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7
Q

nervous system in mollusc

A
  • several pairs of ganglia
  • cerebral, pedal and visceral
  • generally simpler than that found in anthropoids
  • system of cephalopods is most advanced in any vertebrate
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8
Q

trocophore larvae

A
  • found in annelids, platyhelminthes

- homology; indicate genetic relationship

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9
Q

cephalization in molluscs

A
  • cephalopods and gastropods
  • most others are grazers, scavengers or filter-feeders with little need for external cephalization
  • usually have “foot”
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10
Q

excretory system in molluscs

A
  • contain two nephridia
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11
Q

circulatory system in molluscs

A
  • open system with pumping heart, blood vessels and blood sinuses whereby blood returns to heart
  • cephalopods have closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins, complex with three hearts
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12
Q

respiratory system in molluscs

A
  • most have gills derived from mantle tissue to increase efficiency of gas exchange
  • incurrent and excurrent siphons present in bivalves
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13
Q

molluscs

A
  • Monoplaophora
  • Polyplacophora
  • Scaphopoda
  • Bivalvia
  • Gastropod
  • Cephalopod
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14
Q

Monoplaophora

A
  • primitive mollusc
  • found on ocean bottom known only as fossil
  • exhibit pseudometamerism (segmentation)
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15
Q

Polyplacophora

A
  • characterized by 8 dorsal plates
  • found in intertidal zone of seacoasts
  • feed by grazing on algae on rocks
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16
Q

Scaphopoda

A

commonly referred to as “tooth shells” or “tusk shells”

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17
Q

Bivalvia

A
  • large, economically important class of mollusks
  • highly adapted for burrowing
  • filter-feeding
  • clams, oysters, mussels, limpets, periwinkles, scallops
  • restricted to aquatic environments
  • most diverse in marine systems, but many freshwater
18
Q

anatomy of bivalvia

A
  • two shells connected by hinge ligament
  • shell grows outward in “rings” from umbo
  • foot extends anteriorly from shell to put animal forward
  • adductor muscles pull shells together
19
Q

respiration in bivalvia

A
  • gills suspended from dorsal, interior surface of mantle cavity
  • posterior incurrent and excurrent siphons create respiratory water flow
20
Q

digestion in bivalvia

A
  • gills also used for filter feeding

- mucus on gills traps food particles

21
Q

reproduction in freshwater bivalve

A
  • freshwater bivalve eggs fertilized internally in suprabrachial chamber above the gill
  • eggs develop into glochidia larvae that parasitize a particular species of fish
22
Q

reproduction in marine bivalve

A
  • fertilization is external
  • 2 larval stages
  • one larval stage being the trochophore larvae
23
Q

endangered bivalves

A
  • dams and locks prevent fish migration so some can’t reproduce because their host fish aren’t present
  • siltation and other forms of water pollution foul filter-feeding apparatus
  • being overwhelmed by introduced mussels, which filter food
  • poaching for pearl industry
  • 184 of 300 native species are extinct, endangered or soon to be endangered
24
Q

invasive bivalves

A
  • zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

- Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea)

25
Q

Is there a symbiotic relationship in certain bivalves? And if yes, what?

A

yes, mantle tissue contains photosynthetic zooxanthellae that provide much of clam’s nutrients and color

26
Q

pearls

A

produced by secreted fluid from the mantle called nacre that smooths out irritations (sand)

27
Q

Gastropoda

A
  • largest by far in terms of number of recognized species

- 70,000 living species

28
Q

gastropod body plan

A
  • torsion
  • coiling
  • lost organs, doesn’t seem to bother them that they have lost organs
  • radula
29
Q

torsion

A
  • is responsible for moving mantle cavity from back to front of body
  • occurs before hatching
  • space available in mantle cavity allows animals head to be withdrawn into shell for protection, foot forms barrier to outside
30
Q

coiling

A
  • spiral winding of visceral mass and shell
  • original symmetrical arrangement gave way to conispiral shape, with shell to one side, which resulted in loss of gill on right side
  • advantage: wastes expelled from right side of mantle instead of over head
31
Q

radula

A
  • rasping/grasping organ in mouth
  • “teeth”
  • modified for feeding, shell prying, harpooning and envenomating prey, chewing
32
Q

reproduction in gastropod

A
  • monoecious
  • sperm exchange with internal fertilization
  • some use dart to puncture mate
  • eggs laid singly or attached to substrate
  • larval stages occur before hatching
  • hatchlings are miniature adults (direct development)
33
Q

gastropod diversity

A
  • nudibranchs
  • sea hare
  • conus (cone shell)
34
Q

sea hare

A

marine gastropod squirts copious purple secretion from purple gland in mantle cavity when provoked

35
Q

nudibranch

A
  • nudibranchs feed on cnidarians and reuse undischarged nematocysts
  • elaborate papillae covering their dorsal surfaces contain reused nematocysts
36
Q

conus

A
  • marine gastropod stings its prey to paralyze before consuming
  • can kill other cone shells or humans
37
Q

Cephalopods general characteristics

A
  • nautilus
  • octopus
  • squid
  • cuttlefish
  • very derived molluscs but very ancient too
  • most extinct forms had exterior shells
  • active predators
38
Q

advancements of cephalopods

A
  • well-developed external cephalization and foot modified into series of tentacles and suckers
  • completely closed circulatory system
  • complex reproductive behavior
39
Q

Cephalopod reproduction

A
  • very sophisticated
  • males undergo color displays directed against rival males
  • sperm encased in spermatophores
  • one modified tentacle used to pluck spermatophore from own mantle cavity and insert into mantle cavity of female
40
Q

Cephalopod nervous system

A
  • sophisticated nervous system
  • sophisticated sensory organs
  • tentacles with tactile and chemosensory cells
  • mantle with chromatophores or bioluminescence for camouflage and communication
  • intelligent with sophisticated behavior
  • complex communication abilities
  • contain eyes

Zoology (21 decks)

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