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Zoology > Zoology Test 3a > Flashcards

Zoology Test 3a Flashcards

1
Q

Subphylums of Arthropoda

A
  • Trilobita
  • Chilicerta
  • Crustacea
  • Myriapoda
  • Hexapoda
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2
Q

classes of Chilicerta

A
  • Merastomata

- Arachnida

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3
Q

types of Merastomata

A

horseshoe crabs

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4
Q

types of Arachnida

A
  • spiders
  • ticks
  • mites
  • scorpions
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5
Q

ticks and mites are from what order?

A

Acari

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6
Q

types of Crustacea

A
  • crabs
  • lobsters
  • crayfish
  • krill
  • copepod
  • decapods
  • isopods
  • barnacles
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7
Q

classes of Myriapoda

A
  • Chilopoda

- Diplopoda

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8
Q

what is a Chilopoda

A

centipede

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9
Q

what is a Diplopoda

A

millipede

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10
Q

classes of Hexapoda

A
  • Insecta
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11
Q

what does arthropoda mean

A

jointed foot because of appendages

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12
Q

arthropod diversity

A
  • largest phylum by far
  • 75% of known animal species
  • over a million recognized species
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13
Q

What are arthropods so successful?

A
  • versatile exoskeleton
  • segmentation and appendages for more efficient locomotion
  • air piped directly to cells
  • highly-developed sensory organs
  • complex behavioral patterns
  • limiting intraspecific competition through metamorphosis
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14
Q

versatile exoskeleton

A
  • suit of armor (cuticle) with flexible joints, secreted by epidermis
  • primarily chitin
  • cuticle is flexible and lightweight but also affords protection, particularly against dehydration
  • cuticle of crustaceans is impregnanted with calcium salts, unlike cuticle of other arthropods which makes it harder
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15
Q

chitin

A

tough, resistant, nitrogenous polysaccharide that is insoluble in water, alkalis and weak acid

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16
Q

disadvantages of exoskeleton

A
  • must be molted since it not alive and does not grow

- 4 to 7 times for those that stop molting at adulthood

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17
Q

molting

A

takes energy and leaves organism vulnerable, shedding of exoskeleton
- takes 24 to 48 hours for exoskeleton to reharden

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18
Q

segmentation and appendages for more efficient locomotion

A
  • there is considerable fusion and reduction of segments especially in the adult stages of life cycle
  • some segments are extensively modified for sensory functions, food handling, swift and efficient walking, and swimming
  • crayfish
  • jointed appendages, jointed parts consist of hollow lever moved by internal muscles»gives them great strength
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19
Q

air piped directly to cells

A
  • terrestrial arthropods have highly efficient tracheal system which delivers oxygen directly to tissues and cells and makes high metabolic rate possible
  • disadvantage: limits body size, because it is difficult to get air to every part of large body
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20
Q

respiration in arthropods

A
  • efficient gills

- attached to bases of walking legs in some crayfish

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21
Q

highly-developed sensory organs

A
  • arthropods are keenly alert to what is happening in environment
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22
Q

example of complex organ system in crustaceans and insects

A

compound eye

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23
Q

example of complex organ system in grasshopper tympanum

A
  • enables grasshoppers to hear sound
  • arthropods were first group to communicate via sound
  • aware of sound waves and vibrations
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24
Q

example of complex organ system in silkworm moth

A
  • antennae enables males to located females by sensing presence of pheromones
  • female releases pheromone downwind and male follows concentration gradient to find her for mating
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25
Q

complex behavioral patterns

A

highly organized behavior in social insects

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26
Q

limiting intraspecific competition through metamorphosis

A
  • many arthropods undergo metamorphosis meaning larva and adult are not competing with each other since feed on different foods
  • two kinds of metamorphosis
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27
Q

holometabolous

A
  • type of metamorphosis
  • complete metamorphosis
  • butterfly
28
Q

hemimetabolous

A
  • type of metamorphosis
  • incomplete metamorphosis
  • beetle
  • gradual change
29
Q

arthropod nervous system

A
  • basic layout similar to that of annelids
  • single ventral nerve cord and dorsally-located cerebral ganglia with circumesophageal connectives
  • complexity of nervous system considerably advanced over annelids
30
Q

osmoregulation and excretion in crustaceans

A

have gills through which nitrogenous wastes are lost via diffusion and antennal glands for osmoregulation

31
Q

osmoregulation and excretion in terrestrial arthropods

A

have malpighian tubules for osmoregulation and excretion

- this is why they can live in hot, dry climates; very efficient

32
Q

circulation in aquatic forms

A

an open circulatory system with heart and arteries

  • no veins
  • no separation of blood from interstitial fluid
  • hole in heart called ostia which allows blood to seep back into heart
33
Q

circulation in terrestrial forms

A
  • single dorsal vessel is only blood vessel
  • dorsal vessel pumps hemolymph conisitng of plasma and amebocytes
  • has little to do with oxygen transport since trachea leads oxygen straight to cell
34
Q

mouthparts found among insects

A
  • biting or chewing (grasshopper)
  • sucking, piercing (mosquito)
  • sponging and lapping (horse fly)
  • some insects combine these
35
Q

evolutionary relationship between annelids and arthropods

A
  • shared derived characters once gave strong support to hypothesis that they are closely related
  • recent molecular evidence doesn’t support idea
  • further research is necessary to clarify evolutionary relationships of annelids and arthropods
36
Q

characteristics of Merostomata

A
  • possess chelicerae: first pair of head appendages

- horseshoe crabs, chelicerae similar to walking legs in appearance; similarity of appendages

37
Q

characteristics of Arachnida

A
  • chelicera modified in this group
  • used to kill prey and pierce food source
  • possess poison fangs in spiders
  • pedipalps
  • sexual dimorphism
  • two body parts: cephalothorax and abdomen which results from fusion of head and thorax, and fusion of abdominal segments
38
Q

pedipalps

A

paired head appendages used as legs, pincers or feelers; have chewing parts at base

39
Q

spider webs

A
  • silk glands make liquid, which are then emitted as liquid by spinnerets
  • hardens to stronger than steel threads of same diameter
  • used to catch and wrap prey, line nests, egg sacs and many other used
40
Q

spider love…

A
  • male spins small web and deposits sperm which is then sucked into modified pedipalps
  • male courts female with ritualized movements and inserts pedipalp into genital opening of female
  • male gets out of way fast before he is eaten
41
Q

sexual dimorphism

A
  • physical differences between male and female
  • males have specialized pedipalps used for sperm transfer
  • males are relatively smaller than females, sometimes much smaller
42
Q

arachnid abundance

A
  • as many as 2 million per acre

- very important the major natural control of insect pests

43
Q

spiders to watch for

A
  • black widow

- brown recluse

44
Q

black widow

A
  • has red hourglass on underside of abdomen

- have neurotoxin which attacks nervous system

45
Q

brown recluse

A
  • has violin shaped marking on dorsal surface of cephalothorax
  • are necrotic which means they eat the skin
46
Q

scorpions

A
  • short cephalothorax, pre abdomen and post abdomen of 5 segments which ends in stinging telson
  • small chelicerae and enlarged pincer-like pedipalps
  • have elaborate mating dance
  • females carry young
  • most aren’t harmful
47
Q

characteristics of Acari

A
  • type of Arachnida
  • ticks and mites
  • as many as 1 million species, incredibly numerous around world
  • many parasitic during one or more stages of life cycle
  • some very serious agricultural pests belong to group
  • complete fusion of cephalothorax and abdomen with no sign of external metamerism
  • most have four pair of legs like other arachnids
48
Q

deer ticks

A
  • cause lyme disease
  • small size (pinhead), orange color
  • chronic and disabling with arthritis symptoms
  • most ppl get bitten recover spontaneously or don’t get disease
  • vaccinate dog for lumes
  • cause bullseye rash
49
Q

what member of order acari cause serious damage to agricultural crops including fruit trees, cotton, clover and other plants?

A

spider mites

50
Q

other mite conditions

A
  • chiggers are mite larvae that cause dermatitis and transmit disease
  • most species of mites are entirely free-living, such as dust mites
51
Q

body plan of chilopoda

A
  • centipedes have similar segments, with one pair of legs per segment, with first pair modified into maxillipeds with poison fangs
  • segments flattened
  • fast-moving predators
52
Q

body plan of diplopoda

A
  • head bears pair of antennae, mandibles and maxillae
  • two pairs of short legs per segment, slow moving
  • herbivores which prefer dark, moist places
  • protect themselves by curling up and secreting toxic fluids from glands
53
Q

types of Crustacea

A
  • crabs
  • lobsters
  • crayfish
  • krill
  • copepod
  • decapods
  • isopods
  • branacles
54
Q

how ecologically important are crustaceans….

A

most abundant animals in world are probably copepods of genus Calanus
- present in many ecosystems

55
Q

characteristics of krill

A

foundation of food web that includes great whales and many other marine creatures

56
Q

body plan of crustacean

A
  • are only arthropods with two pairs of antennae
  • cephalothorax and segmented abdomen
  • one pair of appendages per segment, but highly modified to serve different functions
57
Q

digestion in crustacean

A
  • crushing mandibles to esophagus to cardiac stomach (with gastric mill) to pyloric stomach to intestine
58
Q

development in crustacean

A
  • indirect development with true larval stage

- most primitive and widely occurring larvae among crustaceans is nauplius

59
Q

decapods

A
  • include: crabs, lobsters and crayfish
  • 18,000 species
  • three pairs of maxillipeds
  • five pairs of walking legs
  • contain major pincers (chelae)
60
Q

diversity of decapods

A
  • very diverse, range in size from few mm to 12 ft
  • very important to marine ecosystem, many ppl relish them as food
  • camouflage using materials from surroundings
61
Q

characteristics of isopods

A
  • pill bugs

- lack cuticle that prevents dehydration, so must live in moist locations

62
Q

characteristics of barnacles

A
  • sessile
  • monoecious
  • filter feeders
  • attach to just about anything
  • have jointed appendages
63
Q

body plan of Hexapoda

A
  • contain head, thorax and abdomen
  • three pairs of legs
  • some have wings
64
Q

characteristics of Hexapoda

A
  • all feeding types: herbivores, predators, parasites and detritivores
  • live in all terrestrial and freshwater habitats
  • important to humans
  • they are dominant terrestrial animals in terms of adaptive radiation and ecological success
  • 1.1 million species
  • for every one human: 200,000,000 insects
65
Q

insect flight

A
  • primitive insects have direct flight muscles where each wing stroke is initiated by nervous impulse- this is called synchronous
  • indirect flight muscles are caused by asynchronous nervous control where many wing strokes are initiated by one nervous impulse; makes possible vary rapid wing beats
  • make a figure eight pattern in air to generate forward thrust

Zoology (21 decks)

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