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Zoology > Zoology Final b > Flashcards

Zoology Final b Flashcards

1
Q

types of reptiles

A
  • snakes

- turtles

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2
Q

What made possible the complete conquest to land?

A

development of an amniotic egg that can be laid away from water - finally severed the ties to aquatic reproduction

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3
Q

characteristics of amniotic egg

A
  • eggshell enclosing series of membranes which include: amnion, allantois, yolk sac, chorion and chorioallantoic
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4
Q

amnion

A

acts as a “shock absorber” to protect fetus

- creates aquatic environment

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5
Q

allantois

A
  • vascularized
  • contains blood vessels
  • used for gas exchange and storage of nitrogenous waste
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6
Q

yolk sac

A

contains food for the embryo

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7
Q

chorion

A

enclose the other membranes

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8
Q

chorioallantoic

A
  • the membrane of fused chorion and allantois

- membrane functions in gas exchange through porous eggshell

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9
Q

amniotes

A
  • monophyletic group of tetrapods that have amniotic egg

- include: reptiles, birds and mammals

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10
Q

extant reptiles

A
  • crocodilians
  • lizards
  • snakes
  • turtles
  • tuataras
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11
Q

extinct reptiles

A
  • dinosaurs
  • mesosaurs
  • plesiosaurs
  • pterosaurs
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12
Q

reptilian skin

A

have tough, dry clay skin which offers protection against desiccation and physical injury
- waterproof

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13
Q

reptile scales

A
  • reptilian scales are derived from epidermis of skin and formed largely of keratin
  • not homologous to fish scales, which are bony, dermal structures
  • homologous to scales on legs of birds, and the farther of birds which develop from scale-like structures
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14
Q

reptile jaws

A
  • designed for quick closure but cannot exert much force once prey is captured
  • efficiently designed for applying crushing or gripping force to prey
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15
Q

snake and lizard jaw

A
  • kinetic skull with moveable quadrate bone
  • enables upper jaw to be raised independently thus increasing the effective closing force of jaw musculature
  • enables them to “unhinge” jaw
  • considered major factor in diversification and ecological success of these animals
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16
Q

reproduction in reptiles

A
  • have internal fertilization necessitating some form of copulatory organ
  • internal fertilization is necessary so that egg is fertilized before the eggshell is added
17
Q

circulatory system in reptiles

A
  • have higher blood pressure and in general is more efficient
  • have incompletely 4-chambered heart (not fully formed septum)
18
Q

respiratory system in reptiles

A
  • lungs are better developed, no need for cutaneous respiration through skin
  • air sucked into lungs rather than pushed
  • no true diaphragm
  • create negative pressure by expanding rib cage when they breathe
19
Q

reptilian advances

A
  • more efficient kidney for water conservation, enabling them to live in dry environments
  • considerably more advanced nervous system with first true cerebral cortex - more complex behavior
20
Q

ancient reptiles

A
  • turtles
  • virtually unchanged during 200 million years of evolutionary history
  • shell formed from ribs and vertebrae - inner bony layer and out keratin
21
Q

life history of turtles

A
  • apparently can live more than 150 years due to relatively low metabolism
  • may secede 1598 pounds
  • very few sea turtles reach extreme size because they are heavily exploited
  • many endangered or threatened
22
Q

sense in turtles

A
  • hearing, virtually silent except during mating
  • good sense of smell
  • excellent eyes color perception is as good as it is in humans, allowing them to catch prey quickly and accurately
23
Q

difference between turtle, tortoise and terrapin

A
  • turtle > webbed-feet
  • tortoise > stumped feet
  • terrapin > mixture of webbed-feet and stumped feet
24
Q

characteristics of snakes

A
  • possess heat-sensitive pit organs that are so sensitive they can detect prey in total darkness, up to .003 degree change
  • special muscles erect hollow fangs when they bite
  • venom gland produces venom
25
Q

senses of snakes

A
  • tongue picks up scent, then drawn across Jacobson’s organ in roof of mouth which does the actual smelling
  • have internal ear bones
  • can sense vibrations but may not be actually able to hear
26
Q

characteristics of lizards

A
  • very diverse
  • 5000 species
  • extremely keen eyesight
  • can see some UV light
27
Q

sex determination in komodo dragons

A
  • ZW sex determining system, males are ZZ
  • ovum determines the sex
  • capable of parthenogenesis if no males are around
  • females lay unfertilized eggs and the Z chromosome just doubles > so no fertilization
28
Q

characteristics of tutara

A
  • endemic to New Zealand
  • most recent common ancestor is lizards and snakes
  • up to 30 in. long, spiny crest along back
  • living fossils
29
Q

characteristics of crocodilians

A
  • mostly unchanged for 200 million years
  • 4-chambered heart
  • devoted parents that care for young after hatching
  • mother responds to vocalizations of hatchlings and helps them break out of nest, then carries them to safety
  • crocodile is endangered
  • alligator is threatened
30
Q

sex determination in crocodilians

A
  • temperature of the nest determines the sex
  • male > 88 degrees
  • female < 88 degrees
31
Q

difference between alligator and crocodile

A
  • alligators are mainly freshwater and have a rounded nose

- crocodiles are both freshwater and seawater and have a more pointed nose

32
Q

reptile survival

A
  • severe decline due to habitat loss and poaching

- many endangered and threatened species

33
Q

two major groups of dinosaurs

A
  • saurischians
  • ornithischians
  • dominated earth
  • differ in way the pelvis sits
34
Q

saurischians

A

lizard-hipped

35
Q

ornithischians

A

bird-hipped

Zoology (21 decks)

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