Year 2 - Cancer Flashcards
What are the 3 cycles of the cell cycles?
Interphase, mitosis and G0 Stationary phase
What way is cancer to be thought to be develop in?
A multi-step process in which multiple mechanisms must fail before a cell becomes cancerous.
What do mutations cause ?
Makes cells divide quicker, allows them to escape controls on cell division, damages DNA repair mechanisms, and allows them to avoid programmed cell death
What is primary cancer?
It is where the cancer starts.
What is secondary cancer?
This is where the primary cancer travels in the bloodstream or lymph and settles and grow in another part of the body
Where do cancer cells have abnoramalities?
In their membranes, cytoskeletal proteins or morphology
What do the type of tumours that form depend on?
The type of cell that was initially altered
What is a carcinoma?
Any type of cancer that starts in cells that makes up the skin or the tissue lining organs
What is an example of a carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is a sarcoma?
Rare cancers that develop in the muscle, bone, nerves, cartilage, tendons, blood vessels and the fatty and fibrous tissues
What is an example of sarcoma?
Osteosarcoma
What is leukaemia?
Any type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow where blood cells are made
What is an example of leukaemia?
Acute myeloid leukaemia
What is lymphoma?
Any type of blood cancer that develops form lymphocytes (a type of white blood cells)
What is an example of lymphoma?
Non Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas
What is melanoma (malignant melanoma)?
Any type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes
Where do melanomas (malignant melanomas) typically occur?
They typically occur in the skin but they may rarely occur in the moth, intestines or eye
What is an example of a melanoma (malignant melanomas)?
Ocular melanoma
What are the stages of tumour growth?
Hyperplasia, dysplasia, anaplastic phase, metastasis
What happens in hyperplasia?
Cells apple normal, mutations results in loss of control of growth, increase in replication
What happens in dysplasia?
Further growth, abnormal changes to the cells
What happens in anaplastic phase?
Additional changes, cells are more abnormal, can now spread over a wider area of tissue, cells lose their original function, tumour is still contained within its original location and is noninvasive (not yet malignant)
What happens in metastasis?
Cells can invade surrounding tissue, including the bloodstream, spreads to other locations, the tumour is now malignant
What are the six differences between normal and malignant/cancerous cells?
Self-sufficiency in grown signals, insensitivity to growth- inhibitory signals, evasion of programmed cell death, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis