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Medical Science > Carbohydrates and Blood Glucose Regulation > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and Blood Glucose Regulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

All carbohydrates contain…

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single sugar molecules

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3
Q

General formula of monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn

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4
Q

Triose

A

3-carbon sugar

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5
Q

Pentose

A

5-carbon sugar

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6
Q

Hexose

A

6-carbon sugar

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7
Q

Specific example of a triose

A

Glyceraldehyde

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8
Q

Specific examples of pentoses

A

Ribose, deoxyribose

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9
Q

Specific examples of hexoses

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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10
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures

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11
Q

-OH group is ______ in alpha glucose

A

Below

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12
Q

Two monosaccharides bonded together make a…

A

Disaccharide

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13
Q

Many monosaccharides bonded together make a…

A

Polysacccaride

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14
Q

Type of bond that joins monosaccharide molecules together

A

Glycosidic

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15
Q

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose makes…

A

Maltose

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16
Q

Glucose + fructose makes…

A

Sucrose

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17
Q

Glucose + galactose makes…

A

Lactose

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18
Q

Type of reaction that bonds

A

Condensation

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19
Q

Type of reaction that separates monosaccharides from each other…

A

Hydrolysis

20
Q

Condensation reactions _______ water

A

Release

21
Q

Hydrolysis reactions ____ water

A

Use

22
Q

Very specific bond that hold glucose molecules together in maltose…

A

1,4 glycosidic bond

23
Q

Polysaccharide used for glucose storage (and therefor energy storage)

A

Glycogen

24
Q

Glycogen is mainly found in the…

A

Liver

25
Q

Polymers are made of many identical repeating units called…

A

Monomers

26
Q

Special bond that allows glycogen to branch…

A

1,6 glycosidic bond

27
Q

Glycogen is helical, so…

A

Compact

28
Q

Glycogen is insoluble in water…

A

So is osmotically inactive

29
Q

Branched

A

Glucose is easily released from ends for respiration

30
Q

Large molecule

A

Cannot escape from cell across plasma membrane

31
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

32
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine gland that travels to its target through the blood

33
Q

Insulin is produced by…

A

Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

34
Q

Main target cells for insulin

A

Liver cells, skeletal msucle cells

35
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration

36
Q

Proper name for the conversion of glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

37
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone that raises blood glucose concentrations

38
Q

Glucagon is produced by…

A

Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

39
Q

Cells that glucagon acts on…

A

Liver cells only

40
Q

Proper name for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

41
Q

Negative feedback

A

Response to a change that reverses the direction of a change back down to an optimum level

42
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

43
Q

Internal environment

A

The environment within the body in which the cells exist

44
Q

If there is too much glucose in the blood…

A

Blood cells will lose water by osmosis and shrivel up

45
Q

If there is not enough glucose in the blood…

A

Blood cells will swell by taking up water by osmosis, also there will not be enough glucose for respiration, so body lacks energy

46
Q

Untreated diabetics often have unusually high blood glucose concentrations because…

A

Insulin is not produced, or target cells don’t respond to insulin

47
Q

Making or breaking down glycogen is actually catalysed by…

A

Enxymes

Medical Science (20 decks)

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