Carbohydrates and Blood Glucose Regulation Flashcards
All carbohydrates contain…
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecules
General formula of monosaccharides
CnH2nOn
Triose
3-carbon sugar
Pentose
5-carbon sugar
Hexose
6-carbon sugar
Specific example of a triose
Glyceraldehyde
Specific examples of pentoses
Ribose, deoxyribose
Specific examples of hexoses
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Isomer
Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures
-OH group is ______ in alpha glucose
Below
Two monosaccharides bonded together make a…
Disaccharide
Many monosaccharides bonded together make a…
Polysacccaride
Type of bond that joins monosaccharide molecules together
Glycosidic
Alpha glucose + alpha glucose makes…
Maltose
Glucose + fructose makes…
Sucrose
Glucose + galactose makes…
Lactose
Type of reaction that bonds
Condensation
Type of reaction that separates monosaccharides from each other…
Hydrolysis
Condensation reactions _______ water
Release
Hydrolysis reactions ____ water
Use
Very specific bond that hold glucose molecules together in maltose…
1,4 glycosidic bond
Polysaccharide used for glucose storage (and therefor energy storage)
Glycogen
Glycogen is mainly found in the…
Liver
Polymers are made of many identical repeating units called…
Monomers
Special bond that allows glycogen to branch…
1,6 glycosidic bond
Glycogen is helical, so…
Compact
Glycogen is insoluble in water…
So is osmotically inactive
Branched
Glucose is easily released from ends for respiration
Large molecule
Cannot escape from cell across plasma membrane
Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
Hormone
Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine gland that travels to its target through the blood
Insulin is produced by…
Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Main target cells for insulin
Liver cells, skeletal msucle cells
Insulin
Hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration
Proper name for the conversion of glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
Glucagon
Hormone that raises blood glucose concentrations
Glucagon is produced by…
Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Cells that glucagon acts on…
Liver cells only
Proper name for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
Negative feedback
Response to a change that reverses the direction of a change back down to an optimum level
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a constant internal environment
Internal environment
The environment within the body in which the cells exist
If there is too much glucose in the blood…
Blood cells will lose water by osmosis and shrivel up
If there is not enough glucose in the blood…
Blood cells will swell by taking up water by osmosis, also there will not be enough glucose for respiration, so body lacks energy
Untreated diabetics often have unusually high blood glucose concentrations because…
Insulin is not produced, or target cells don’t respond to insulin
Making or breaking down glycogen is actually catalysed by…
Enxymes
