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Medical Science > Year 1 - Cardio Vascular > Flashcards

Year 1 - Cardio Vascular Flashcards

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1
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

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2
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

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3
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Tiny blood vessels where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells.

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4
Q

What is the Cardio Vascular System?

A

The system made up of the heart and the blood vessels.

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5
Q

What are the coronary artereries?

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the cardiac muscle

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6
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

Heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

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7
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

Heart chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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8
Q

What is the left arium?

A

Heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

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9
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

Heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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10
Q

What is the aorta?

A

It is the main artery of the body that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

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11
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the body

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12
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

It is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

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13
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

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14
Q

What is the cardiac muscle?

A

Proper term for heart muscle

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15
Q

What is the tricuspid valve?

A

It is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

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16
Q

What is the bicuspid valve?

A

It is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

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17
Q

What is the general purpose of the heart valves?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

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18
Q

What is the semilunar valve?

A

A valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle

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19
Q

What is the cusp?

A

The proper term for a flap of a valve

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20
Q

What is myogenic?

A

Describes muscle tissue that initiates its own contractions

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21
Q

What is systole?

A

Proper term for contraction of a heart chamber

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22
Q

What is diastole?

A

Proper term for relaxation of a heart muscle

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23
Q

Which valve closes when the left ventricle contracts?

A

Bicuspid

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24
Q

What is the general term for the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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25
Q

What valve opens when the left ventricle contracts?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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26
Q

What is the location of the sinoatrial node?

A

The right atrium

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27
Q

What is the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

A

It causes a short delay in the wave of electrical activity as it passes across the heart, then sends it down along the septum between the ventricles

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the short delay of the wave of electrical activity at the AVN?

A

Gives time for the atria to empty and ventricles to fill with blood before ventricular contraction

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29
Q

What do the bundle of His branch into?

A

The purkinje fibres

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30
Q

What does the movement of impulse through the Purkinje fibres ensure?

A

The ventricles contract from bottom up, forcing blood out of the heart

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31
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

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32
Q

Where are ECG electrodes placed?

A

Skin

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33
Q

What is the general purpose of the heart valves?

A

They prevent the back flow of blood

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34
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Valves located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.

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35
Q

What is the cusp?

A

Proper term for a flap of a valve

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36
Q

What does it mean when something is Myogenic?

A

It means that the muscle tissue that initiates its own contractions

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37
Q

What is systole?

A

Proper term for contractions of a heart chamber

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38
Q

What is diastole?

A

Proper term for relaxation of a heart chamber

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39
Q

What valve closes when the left ventricle contracts?

A

The bicuspid valve

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40
Q

What is the general term for bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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41
Q

What valve opens when the left ventricle contracts?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

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42
Q

What is the sinotrial node (SAN)?

A

The pacemaker of the heart

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43
Q

What is the location of sinoatrial node?

A

Right atrium

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44
Q

What is the atrioventricular node (AVN)?

A

Causes a short delay in the wave of electrical activity as it passes across the heart, then sends it down along the septum between the ventricles.

45
Q

What is the purpose of the short delay of the wave of electrical activity at the AVN?

A

It gives time for atria to empty and ventricles to fill with blood before ventricular contraction

46
Q

What does the bundle of His branch into?

A

Purkyne fibres

47
Q

What does the movement of impulse through Purkyne fibres ensure?

A

Ventricles contract from bottom up, forcing blood out of the heart

48
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

49
Q

Where are ECG electrodes placed?

A

Skin

50
Q

What do ECG electrodes detect?

A

Tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from electrical activity of the heart during each heart beat.

51
Q

What are the nodes, bundle of His and Purkyne fibres all made up of?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle tissue

52
Q

What can we say when electrical activity passes across a part of the heart?

A

That part is depolarized

53
Q

What do P waves represent?

A

Atrial depolarisation (and therefore ventricular systole)

54
Q

What do T waves represent?

A

Ventricular depolarisation (and relaxation)

55
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarisation (and therefore ventricular systole)

56
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

Time from when the impulse is generated by the SA node to it being released from the AV node.

57
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

Time taken for ventricular depolarisation and depolarisation (time taken for ventricles to contract and relax)

58
Q

What are the common problems identified using ECG?

A

Incorrect heart rate and rhythm

59
Q

What are the causes of an abnormal ECG?

A

Damage to heart tissue (e.g. due to a heart attack); congenital disorder; stress; smoking; alcohol

60
Q

What does congenital mean?

A

Present at birth

61
Q

What is an artefact?

A

An error in the representation of results that occurs as a result of the technique being used

62
Q

What are the causes of ECG artefact?

A

“Motion artefacts” if patients are shivering or have a disorder that causes tremor (such as Parkinson’s or MS).

63
Q

What is an Ambulatory ECG?

A

Recorded for 24-48 hours or longer (using a portable device) to evaluate cardiac rate and rhythm; then correlated with diary of patient’s symptoms/activities

64
Q

What is the proper term for an ECG recording?

A

Trace

65
Q

What is a stress ECG/ stress echo?

A

ECG or echo of heart recorded during/ just after controlled physical exercise. Forms part of an exercise tolerance test.

66
Q

What is the importance of correct heart rate and rhythm?

A

Deliver enough oxygen and glucose to tissues for respiration to release energy

67
Q

What is the abbreviation for Echocardiogram?

A

Echo

68
Q

How does echocardiography work?

A

An ultrasound of the heart: high frequency sound waves reflect off surfaces to image the moving heart.

69
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal heart rate or rhythm

70
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of beats per minutes

71
Q

What is heart rhythm?

A

The sequence of events of a heart beat

72
Q

What is exercise tolerance test?

A
  • Gradually increase exercise intensity (e.g. on treadmill) until maximum heart rate for age is reached.
  • Monitor ECG and blood pressure throughout.
  • Echo can be performed before and just after exercise
73
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Resting heart rate over 100 bpm

74
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Resting heart rate below 60 bpm

75
Q

What does the non-conductor tissue between the atria and ventricles do?

A

Stops the impulse going directly down the ventricles, therefore preventing their premature contraction

76
Q

What is normal sinus rhythm?

A

Normal heart rhythm you would expect with the SAN working properly

77
Q

What does the long PR interval mean?

A

It is a sign that the AV node is delaying the impulse excessively

78
Q

What is the importance of ETT?

A

Some heart problems only appear during exercise e.g. angina

79
Q

Why is shivering a particular concern during the ECG?

A

The patient will be topless and if the patient is moving it will have an affect on the ECG results

80
Q

Why might hair have to be shaved and conductive gel have to be applied when doing an ECG?

A

To improve detection of signals from the heart.

81
Q

Method for measuring blood pressure

A
  • Sit patient with left arm uncovered resting on a table
  • fit cuff around this arm
  • Inflate cuff until blood flow stops
  • Deflate the cuff
  • Record the systolic and diastolic values and amylase taking into consideration the time of day
82
Q

Cuff problems that can give incorrect blood pressure readings

A
  • Incorrectly sized cuff used

- Position of patient’s arm on which cuff is placed

83
Q

Make sure patient has not done the following in order to avoid false high blood pressure readings

A

Within 30 min before reading:

  • drinking coffee
  • smoking tobacco
  • exercising
84
Q

What will the minimum cuff pressure needed to completely stop blood flow match?

A

Systolic blood pressure

85
Q

When the cuff relaxes, what matches the first pressure at which pulsing (throbbing) of the artery are no longer detected?

A

Diastolic blood pressure

86
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Defines as maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

87
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Defined as minimum arterial pressure during relaxation of the ventricles of the heart

88
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Abnormally high blood pressure

89
Q

Hypertension does not produce symptoms as such…

A

But can increase a person’s chances of having a stroke or heart attack

90
Q

What is a stroke?

A

When blood stops flowing to a part of the brain, due to a clot or rupture in a blood vessel.

91
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up in the inner walls of the arteries

92
Q

How does atherosclerosis lead to cardiac arrest?

A
  • Plaque in the coronary artery bursts
  • This causes a blood clot to form
  • Plaque/ blood clot restricts blood flow into the heart muscle
  • Heart muscle starved of (blood and) oxygen
93
Q

How can you reduce the risk of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Eat a low fat diet/ low salt diet
  • Do more physical activity
  • Maintain a healthy weight/ lose weight
  • Give up smoking
  • Reduce alcohol consumption
  • Control blood pressure/ diabetes
  • Take prescribed medicatiom
94
Q

What are the ways that increase the risk of coronary heart disease?

A
  • Eat a high fat diet/ high salt diet
  • Do less physical activity
  • Don’t maintain a healthy weight/ gain weight
  • Smoking
  • Increase alcohol consumption
  • High blood pressure/ diabetes
  • Not taking prescribed medication
95
Q

What sort of pressure is it in the aorta?

A

Highest

96
Q

Why does the left ventricle of heart exerts higher pressure on blood?

A

The muscle layer is thicker

97
Q

What happens when blood travels in the artery?

A

The pressure drops

98
Q

What corresponds to the rise and fall in pressure?

A

Contraction and relaxation of ventricles in the heart

99
Q

Why does the fluctuations in blood pressure across cardiac cycle reduce?

A

Due to the stretch and recoil of artery walls

100
Q

Why do arteriolar have lower pressure?

A

The friction with the vessel walls

101
Q

Why do capillaries have lower pressure?

A

Due to the large total cross-sectional area of the network

102
Q

What does low capillary blood pressure mean?

A

Blood flows slowly in the capillaries, which gives more time for gas exchange

103
Q

What is the pressure in the veins low?

A

The return blood flow being non-pulsatile

104
Q

How can venous blood pressure be increased?

A

The massaging effect of muscles

105
Q

What does valves in veins ensure?

A

The one-way flow of blood back to the heart

106
Q

What is triglyceride?

A

Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

107
Q

What bond that attaches a fatty acid to glycerol?

A

Ester bonds

108
Q

What is the fatty acids with only single C-C bonds?

A

Saturated

109
Q

What is the fatty acids with at least one C=C double bond?

A

Unsaturated

Medical Science (20 decks)

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