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Medical Science > Blood vessels, blood pressure, heart disease > Flashcards

Blood vessels, blood pressure, heart disease Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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2
Q

Vein

A

A blood vessel that carreis blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Capillary

A

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells

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4
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The system made up of the heart and the blood vessels

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5
Q

Method for measuring blood pressure

A
  • sit patient with left arm uncovered resting on table
  • fit cuff around this arm
  • inflate cuff until blood flow stops
  • deflate the cuff
  • record the systolic and diastolic values and analyse taking into consideration the time of the day
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6
Q

Cuff problems that can give incorrect blood pressure readings

A
  • Incorrectly sized cuff used
  • Position of patient’s arm on which cuff is placed
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7
Q

Make sure patient has not done that following in order to avoid false high blood pressure readings

A

Within 30 mins before reading:
- drinking coffee
- smoking tobacco
- exercising

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8
Q

Minimum cuff pressure needed to completely stop blood flow will match…

A

Systolic blood pressure

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9
Q

When cuff relaxes, the first pressure at which pulsing (throbbing) of the artety are no longer detected matches the…

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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10
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Defines as maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

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11
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Defined as minimum arterial pressure during relaxation of the ventricles of the heart

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12
Q

Hypertension

A

Abnormally high blood pressure

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13
Q

Hypetension does not produce symtoms as such…

A

But can increase a person’s chances of having a stroke or heart attack

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14
Q

Stroke

A

When blood stops flowing to a part of the brain, due to a clot or rupture in a blood vessel

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15
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on he inner walls of the arteries

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16
Q

How atherosclerosis can lead to cardiac arrest

A
  • Plaque in the coronary artery bursts
  • This causes a blood clot to form
  • Plaque / blood clot restricts blood flow into the heart muscle
  • Heart muscle starved of (blood and) oxygen
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17
Q

How to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

A
  • Eat a low fat diet / low salt diet
  • Do more physical activity
  • Maintain a healthy weight / lose weight
  • Give up smoking
  • Reduce alcohol consumption
  • Control blood pressure / diabetes
  • Take prescribed medication
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18
Q

Ways that increase the risk of coronary heart disease

A
  • Eat a high fat diet/ high salt diet
  • Do less physical activity
  • Don’t maintain a healthy weight / gain weight
  • Smoking
  • Increase alcohol consumption
  • High blood pressure / diabetics
  • Not taking prescribed medication
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19
Q

Blood in aorta…

A

Is at highest pressure

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20
Q

Left ventricle of heart exerts hgiher pressure on blood…

A

Due to msucle layer being thicker

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21
Q

As blood travels in the artery…

A

The pressure drops

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22
Q

Rise and fall in pressure corresponds with…

A

Contraction and relaxation of ventricles in the heart

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23
Q

Fluctuations in blood pressure across cardiac cycle reduced…

A

Due to stretch and recoilof artery walls

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24
Q

Arterioles have lower pressure…

A

Due to teh large total cross-sectional area of the network

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25
Low capillary blood pressure means that...
Blood flows slowly in the capillaries, which gives more time for gas exchange
26
Pressure in the veins is low...
Due to the return of the blood flow being non-pulsatile
27
Venous blood pressure can be increased by...
The massaging effect of muscles
28
Valves in veins...
Ensure the one-way flow of blood back to the heart
29
Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
Triglyceride
30
Bond that attaches a fatty acid to glycerol
Ester
31
Describes fatty aids with only single C-C bonds
Saturated
32
Describes fatty acids with at least one C=C double bond
Unsaturated
33
Described fatty acids with two or more C=C bonds
Polyunsaturated
34
Phospholipids
A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
35
A phosphate group is...
Hydrophilic
36
Triglycerides do not dissolve in water so are...
Hydrophobic
37
Phospholipids make up...
Cell membranes
38
Steroids are...
Four-ring lipids
39
Example of steroid hormones include...
Hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone
40
Steroid that reduces and regulates the fluidity of cell membranes
Cholesterol
41
3 main roles of lipids
Energy storage thermal insulation, protection of internal organs
42
Saturated fat in the diet is of particular concern because...
The liver readily converts it into LDL cholesterol
43
Tunica intima / endothelium
Smooth to reduce friction with blood, innermost layer of blood vessel
44
Lumen
Space within blood vessel to allow blood to flow through
45
Tunica media
The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall
46
Purpose of muscle middle layer
Contracts to constrict the lumen, allowing blood flow to be regulated
47
Purpose of elastic fibres in middle layer
Stretches due to high blood pressure when ventricle contracts then recoils when ventricle relaxes, this recoil helps to maintain blood pressure and smooth blood flow
48
Purpose of tunica externa
Tough outer layer to withstand high blood pressure and stop bursting
49
Wall of a vein is much thinner than the wall of an artery...
Because the blood pressure is much lower in a vein
50
Capillaries lack...
Tunica media, and tunica externa
51
LDL cholesterol
Form in which cholesterol is deposited into artery walls leading to plaque formation
52
Peripheral vascular disease
Diseases (most commonly atherosclerosis) of blood vessels in places other than the heart or brain
53
Deep vein thrombosis
Blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a leg
54
Pulmonary embolism
Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot (e.g. a clot from DVT in a leg breaks off and lodges in the lungs)
55
Carotid artery
If this is blocked by plaque, blood flow to the brain, neck and face will be reduced, leading to a stroke
56
Method used to image blockages in peripheral arteries
Doppler ultrasound scan uses reflected ultrasound waves to show disruption to blood flow
57
Anke-brachial pressure index (ABPI)
- Comparison of ankle versus arm systolic blood pressure (whilst patient lying down) - Divide ankle pressure by arm pressure - Lower results indicate more blockage in leg artery
58
A blockage in a leg artery...
Means you will expect ankle systolic pressure to be significantly lower than arm systolic pressure (more blockage = bigger difference)
59
Hydrolysis
Breaking a bond by adding water
60
Condensation reaction
A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine releasing water in the process
61
Type of reaction that will break down a triglyceride
Hydrolysis
62
Type of reaction that will add a fatty acid to glycerol
Condensation
63
Angina
A condition of intermittent episodes of sever chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to cardiac muscle
64
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries
65
Cardiac arrest
Complete stopping of heart activity
66
Arteriole
Small artery-like blood vessel. Muscle layer is especially important here for regulating blood flow via vasoconstriction
67
Venule
The smallest kind of vein
68
In a phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads point toward the cytoplasm...
As this is an aqueous environment
69
In a phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic tails point away from the cytoplasm...
To avoid the aqueous environment
70
Blood pressure measurement should be repeated three times...
So a mean can be calculated and any outliers identified
71
How atherosclerosis could lead to cardiac arrest
- Plaque in coronary artery - This causes a blood clot to form - Plaque and clot restrict blood flow into heart muscle - Heart muscle starved of blood, and therefore oxygen

Medical Science (20 decks)

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