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Medical Science > Blood vessels, blood pressure, heart disease > Flashcards

Blood vessels, blood pressure, heart disease Flashcards

1
Q

Artery

A

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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2
Q

Vein

A

A blood vessel that carreis blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Capillary

A

A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells

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4
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The system made up of the heart and the blood vessels

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5
Q

Method for measuring blood pressure

A
  • sit patient with left arm uncovered resting on table
  • fit cuff around this arm
  • inflate cuff until blood flow stops
  • deflate the cuff
  • record the systolic and diastolic values and analyse taking into consideration the time of the day
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6
Q

Cuff problems that can give incorrect blood pressure readings

A
  • Incorrectly sized cuff used
  • Position of patient’s arm on which cuff is placed
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7
Q

Make sure patient has not done that following in order to avoid false high blood pressure readings

A

Within 30 mins before reading:
- drinking coffee
- smoking tobacco
- exercising

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8
Q

Minimum cuff pressure needed to completely stop blood flow will match…

A

Systolic blood pressure

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9
Q

When cuff relaxes, the first pressure at which pulsing (throbbing) of the artety are no longer detected matches the…

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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10
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Defines as maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart

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11
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Defined as minimum arterial pressure during relaxation of the ventricles of the heart

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12
Q

Hypertension

A

Abnormally high blood pressure

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13
Q

Hypetension does not produce symtoms as such…

A

But can increase a person’s chances of having a stroke or heart attack

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14
Q

Stroke

A

When blood stops flowing to a part of the brain, due to a clot or rupture in a blood vessel

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15
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on he inner walls of the arteries

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16
Q

How atherosclerosis can lead to cardiac arrest

A
  • Plaque in the coronary artery bursts
  • This causes a blood clot to form
  • Plaque / blood clot restricts blood flow into the heart muscle
  • Heart muscle starved of (blood and) oxygen
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17
Q

How to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

A
  • Eat a low fat diet / low salt diet
  • Do more physical activity
  • Maintain a healthy weight / lose weight
  • Give up smoking
  • Reduce alcohol consumption
  • Control blood pressure / diabetes
  • Take prescribed medication
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18
Q

Ways that increase the risk of coronary heart disease

A
  • Eat a high fat diet/ high salt diet
  • Do less physical activity
  • Don’t maintain a healthy weight / gain weight
  • Smoking
  • Increase alcohol consumption
  • High blood pressure / diabetics
  • Not taking prescribed medication
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19
Q

Blood in aorta…

A

Is at highest pressure

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20
Q

Left ventricle of heart exerts hgiher pressure on blood…

A

Due to msucle layer being thicker

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21
Q

As blood travels in the artery…

A

The pressure drops

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22
Q

Rise and fall in pressure corresponds with…

A

Contraction and relaxation of ventricles in the heart

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23
Q

Fluctuations in blood pressure across cardiac cycle reduced…

A

Due to stretch and recoilof artery walls

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24
Q

Arterioles have lower pressure…

A

Due to teh large total cross-sectional area of the network

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25
Q

Low capillary blood pressure means that…

A

Blood flows slowly in the capillaries, which gives more time for gas exchange

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26
Q

Pressure in the veins is low…

A

Due to the return of the blood flow being non-pulsatile

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27
Q

Venous blood pressure can be increased by…

A

The massaging effect of muscles

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28
Q

Valves in veins…

A

Ensure the one-way flow of blood back to the heart

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29
Q

Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

A

Triglyceride

30
Q

Bond that attaches a fatty acid to glycerol

A

Ester

31
Q

Describes fatty aids with only single C-C bonds

A

Saturated

32
Q

Describes fatty acids with at least one C=C double bond

A

Unsaturated

33
Q

Described fatty acids with two or more C=C bonds

A

Polyunsaturated

34
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

35
Q

A phosphate group is…

A

Hydrophilic

36
Q

Triglycerides do not dissolve in water so are…

A

Hydrophobic

37
Q

Phospholipids make up…

A

Cell membranes

38
Q

Steroids are…

A

Four-ring lipids

39
Q

Example of steroid hormones include…

A

Hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone

40
Q

Steroid that reduces and regulates the fluidity of cell membranes

A

Cholesterol

41
Q

3 main roles of lipids

A

Energy storage thermal insulation, protection of internal organs

42
Q

Saturated fat in the diet is of particular concern because…

A

The liver readily converts it into LDL cholesterol

43
Q

Tunica intima / endothelium

A

Smooth to reduce friction with blood, innermost layer of blood vessel

44
Q

Lumen

A

Space within blood vessel to allow blood to flow through

45
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall

46
Q

Purpose of muscle middle layer

A

Contracts to constrict the lumen, allowing blood flow to be regulated

47
Q

Purpose of elastic fibres in middle layer

A

Stretches due to high blood pressure when ventricle contracts then recoils when ventricle relaxes, this recoil helps to maintain blood pressure and smooth blood flow

48
Q

Purpose of tunica externa

A

Tough outer layer to withstand high blood pressure and stop bursting

49
Q

Wall of a vein is much thinner than the wall of an artery…

A

Because the blood pressure is much lower in a vein

50
Q

Capillaries lack…

A

Tunica media, and tunica externa

51
Q

LDL cholesterol

A

Form in which cholesterol is deposited into artery walls leading to plaque formation

52
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A

Diseases (most commonly atherosclerosis) of blood vessels in places other than the heart or brain

53
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a leg

54
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot (e.g. a clot from DVT in a leg breaks off and lodges in the lungs)

55
Q

Carotid artery

A

If this is blocked by plaque, blood flow to the brain, neck and face will be reduced, leading to a stroke

56
Q

Method used to image blockages in peripheral arteries

A

Doppler ultrasound scan uses reflected ultrasound waves to show disruption to blood flow

57
Q

Anke-brachial pressure index (ABPI)

A
  • Comparison of ankle versus arm systolic blood pressure (whilst patient lying down)
  • Divide ankle pressure by arm pressure
  • Lower results indicate more blockage in leg artery
58
Q

A blockage in a leg artery…

A

Means you will expect ankle systolic pressure to be significantly lower than arm systolic pressure (more blockage = bigger difference)

59
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a bond by adding water

60
Q

Condensation reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine releasing water in the process

61
Q

Type of reaction that will break down a triglyceride

A

Hydrolysis

62
Q

Type of reaction that will add a fatty acid to glycerol

A

Condensation

63
Q

Angina

A

A condition of intermittent episodes of sever chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to cardiac muscle

64
Q

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

A

Damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

65
Q

Cardiac arrest

A

Complete stopping of heart activity

66
Q

Arteriole

A

Small artery-like blood vessel. Muscle layer is especially important here for regulating blood flow via vasoconstriction

67
Q

Venule

A

The smallest kind of vein

68
Q

In a phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads point toward the cytoplasm…

A

As this is an aqueous environment

69
Q

In a phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic tails point away from the cytoplasm…

A

To avoid the aqueous environment

70
Q

Blood pressure measurement should be repeated three times…

A

So a mean can be calculated and any outliers identified

71
Q

How atherosclerosis could lead to cardiac arrest

A
  • Plaque in coronary artery
  • This causes a blood clot to form
  • Plaque and clot restrict blood flow into heart muscle
  • Heart muscle starved of blood, and therefore oxygen

Medical Science (20 decks)

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