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Chemistry > Year 10 Term 3 > Flashcards

Year 10 Term 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are finite resources

A

those being used up at a faster rate than can be replaced. if we carry on using at current rates they will eventually run out e.g. fossil fuels

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2
Q

what are renewable resources

A

those which can be replaced at the same rate as used

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3
Q

what is sustainibilty

A

developments that meet the needs of society without endangering future generations to meet their needs

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4
Q

alternative synthetic product for wool

A

acrylic fibers, polypropene

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5
Q

alternative synthetic product for cotton

A

polyester

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6
Q

alternative synthetic product for silk

A

nylon

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7
Q

alternative synthetic product for linseed oil

A

acrylic resin

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8
Q

alternative synthetic product for rubber

A

synthetic polymers (polybutadine)

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9
Q

alternative synthetic product for wood

A

PVC, composites (MDF)

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10
Q

why does rainwater contain minerals and microorganisms

A

rainwater dissolves some gasses in the air as it falls, then on the ground it dissolves soluble substances as it passes over them

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11
Q

why is rainwater acidic

A

some gases dissolved from the atmosphere are acidic (CO2, NO2, SO2) and when dissolved in rainwater will form acids lower on the pH scale

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12
Q

what is potable water

A

water that’s safe to drink without causing any health problems

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13
Q

how does the water treatment process work

A

water passed through filter made of sand, removes insoluble particles
passes through screen of metals bars stopping large objects
aluminium sulfate added clumping small particles together then dropping to bottom of tank
chlorine ozone added to steralise
pH of water checked then water stored

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14
Q

what is distillation

A

process of separating by heating and cooling
water is heated then evaporated leaving dissolved substances behind
the cooled, condensed and collected

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15
Q

ad’s and dis-ad’s of distillation

A

ad’s- in hot countries solar power used to heat water

dis-ad’s- high energy costs involved in heating water

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16
Q

what’s reverse osmosis

A

using semi-permeable membrane to separate dissolved substances
water placed under pressure to overcome natural osmotic pressure and water molecules can pass through membrane leaving solute behind
can remove 98% of dissolved salts

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17
Q

ad’s and dis-ad’s of reverse osmosis

A

ad’s- not heating required

dis-ad’s- energy needed to apply pressure, salt water corrodes the pumps

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18
Q

treating waste water

stage 1: screening

A

sewage screened to remove large materials and grit

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19
Q

stage 2: primary treatment

A

through sedimentation. heavy solids sink to the bottom-sludge. lighter effluent floats to the top

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20
Q

stage 3: secondary treatment

A

effluent removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion. this is where bacteria break down dry organic matter including microbes

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21
Q

stage 4: final treatment

A

sediment also broken down by anaerobic digestion. m,ethane gas produced which can be used as energy. remaining waste used as fertiliser

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22
Q

advantages of sewage treatment over desalination

A

methane produced as energy source
uses less energy so good for areas where there isn’t much fresh water
however people don’t like the idea of drinking sewage water

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23
Q

what is an ore

A

naturally occurring rock that contains enough metal or metal compound to make it economical to extract them

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24
Q

what is smelting

A

superheating ores to extract metal from ores

25
what is phytomining
some plants absorb metal compounds when they grow so plants burned and metal extracted from ash
26
what is bioleaching
some bacteria can live using the energy of the bond between sulphur and copper. this separates metal from ore. very energy efficient but very slow process
27
copper alloys
alloys of copper and tin are bronze. used to make statues and ship propellers as resistant to corrosion brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. much harder than copper but still workable. makes musical instruments
28
gold alloys
usually alloyed with copper for jewelry to prevent wearing away purity expressed in carats where 24 carats is 99.9% pure
29
aluminium alloys
low density metal, strong used to make aircraft
30
carbon steels
steels are alloys of iron containing specific amounts of carbon and other metals high carbon steel strong but brittle low carbon steel softer and more easily shaped steels containing stainless steels are hard and resistant to corrosion.
31
polymerisation
double bond between 2 carbon atoms broken another ethene monomer bonds to first one called additional polmerisation branching occurs at high temps and and pressures polyethene is then formed
32
what is the general formula for polmerisation
CnH2n
33
High density poly(ethene)
fewer branches strong intermolecular forces stronger polymers, more rigid
34
uses of high density poly(ethene)
plastic bottles, bottle caps, water pipes
35
low density poly(ethene)
more branched chains weaker intermolecular forces weaker polymers, more flexible
36
uses of low density poly(ethene)
plastic bags, plastic wraps, cable insulation
37
what is thermosoftening
``` melt when heated no cross links between chains weak intermolecular forces low melting points- tend to be flexible polymer chains tangled but not connected ```
38
examples of thermosoftening
poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(vinylchloride)
39
what is thermosetting
don't melt when heated strong covalent cross-link bonding that doesn't break on heating high b.p so rigid links between polymer chains
40
examples of thermosetting
vulcanised rubber, bakelite
41
what is corrosion
destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment. rusting is an example
42
how does sacrificial protection work on small objects
metal can be coated in more reactive metal e.g. zinc which will corrode first, preventing the iron this is galvanising
43
how does sacrificial protection work on large objects
large iron structures that are exposed to water and oxygen to large to be galvanised blocks of more reactive metal attached to iron structures zinc sacrificed to prevent iron from rusting must be replaced before zinc dissolves
44
corrosion of aluminium
aluminium is very reactive and becomes oxidized quickly al oxide layer isn't crumbly like iron so thin layer acts as protective coating and al underneath stays intact for a long time
45
reduce
reducing the use of limited resources to make materials and energy
46
reuse
reusing products to reduce the production of new materials from limited resources
47
recycle
converting waste materials into new materials and objects
48
recycling metals
melting and recasting or reforming | amount of separation required depends on metal properties required for final product
49
recycling of aluminium
al most commonly recycled metal when recycled only uses 5% of energy needed to extract from ore most day-to-day aluminium you come across is at least 50% recycled
50
recycling of copper and gold/solver
copper recycled as it's finite silver and god recycled as hard to find main source of recycled gold comes from computer component parts
51
why is it a problem to recycle alloys
because the alloys can't always be separated
52
recycling glass
bottles can often be reused without reshaping so can't so are recycled. glass separated by colour and chemical composition crushed then melted to be reshaped
53
for any product that's made which stages are take into account when considering the life cycle of a product
extracting and processing raw materials manufacturing and packaging use and operation during its lifetime disposal at end of useful like, including transport an distribution at the end of every stage
54
a life cycle assessment is carried out by:
listing all energy and material inputs into environment evaluation of environmental impacts from inputs and outputs interpreting results to help make decisions
55
why are results of an LCA always open for debate
when considering environmental impact, common to convert data to single score requires subjective decisions-bias sometimes no factual evidence so estimations made
56
what is the collision theory
states in order from chemical reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy minimum energy required for particles for reaction to be successful is the activation energy
57
what happens as the reaction progresses
contraction of reactants decreases reducing frequency of collisions between particles so reaction slows down
58
how to increase the rate of a chemical reaction
particles must collide more frequently and/or collide with more energy
59
how to achieve a higher rate of reaction
increase concentration increase temperature increase pressure

Chemistry (13 decks)

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