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Chemistry > Year 10 Term 3 > Flashcards

Year 10 Term 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are finite resources

A

those being used up at a faster rate than can be replaced. if we carry on using at current rates they will eventually run out e.g. fossil fuels

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2
Q

what are renewable resources

A

those which can be replaced at the same rate as used

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3
Q

what is sustainibilty

A

developments that meet the needs of society without endangering future generations to meet their needs

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4
Q

alternative synthetic product for wool

A

acrylic fibers, polypropene

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5
Q

alternative synthetic product for cotton

A

polyester

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6
Q

alternative synthetic product for silk

A

nylon

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7
Q

alternative synthetic product for linseed oil

A

acrylic resin

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8
Q

alternative synthetic product for rubber

A

synthetic polymers (polybutadine)

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9
Q

alternative synthetic product for wood

A

PVC, composites (MDF)

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10
Q

why does rainwater contain minerals and microorganisms

A

rainwater dissolves some gasses in the air as it falls, then on the ground it dissolves soluble substances as it passes over them

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11
Q

why is rainwater acidic

A

some gases dissolved from the atmosphere are acidic (CO2, NO2, SO2) and when dissolved in rainwater will form acids lower on the pH scale

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12
Q

what is potable water

A

water that’s safe to drink without causing any health problems

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13
Q

how does the water treatment process work

A

water passed through filter made of sand, removes insoluble particles
passes through screen of metals bars stopping large objects
aluminium sulfate added clumping small particles together then dropping to bottom of tank
chlorine ozone added to steralise
pH of water checked then water stored

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14
Q

what is distillation

A

process of separating by heating and cooling
water is heated then evaporated leaving dissolved substances behind
the cooled, condensed and collected

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15
Q

ad’s and dis-ad’s of distillation

A

ad’s- in hot countries solar power used to heat water

dis-ad’s- high energy costs involved in heating water

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16
Q

what’s reverse osmosis

A

using semi-permeable membrane to separate dissolved substances
water placed under pressure to overcome natural osmotic pressure and water molecules can pass through membrane leaving solute behind
can remove 98% of dissolved salts

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17
Q

ad’s and dis-ad’s of reverse osmosis

A

ad’s- not heating required

dis-ad’s- energy needed to apply pressure, salt water corrodes the pumps

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18
Q

treating waste water

stage 1: screening

A

sewage screened to remove large materials and grit

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19
Q

stage 2: primary treatment

A

through sedimentation. heavy solids sink to the bottom-sludge. lighter effluent floats to the top

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20
Q

stage 3: secondary treatment

A

effluent removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion. this is where bacteria break down dry organic matter including microbes

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21
Q

stage 4: final treatment

A

sediment also broken down by anaerobic digestion. m,ethane gas produced which can be used as energy. remaining waste used as fertiliser

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22
Q

advantages of sewage treatment over desalination

A

methane produced as energy source
uses less energy so good for areas where there isn’t much fresh water
however people don’t like the idea of drinking sewage water

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23
Q

what is an ore

A

naturally occurring rock that contains enough metal or metal compound to make it economical to extract them

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24
Q

what is smelting

A

superheating ores to extract metal from ores

25
Q

what is phytomining

A

some plants absorb metal compounds when they grow so plants burned and metal extracted from ash

26
Q

what is bioleaching

A

some bacteria can live using the energy of the bond between sulphur and copper. this separates metal from ore. very energy efficient but very slow process

27
Q

copper alloys

A

alloys of copper and tin are bronze. used to make statues and ship propellers as resistant to corrosion
brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. much harder than copper but still workable. makes musical instruments

28
Q

gold alloys

A

usually alloyed with copper for jewelry to prevent wearing away
purity expressed in carats where 24 carats is 99.9% pure

29
Q

aluminium alloys

A

low density metal, strong used to make aircraft

30
Q

carbon steels

A

steels are alloys of iron containing specific amounts of carbon and other metals
high carbon steel strong but brittle
low carbon steel softer and more easily shaped
steels containing stainless steels are hard and resistant to corrosion.

31
Q

polymerisation

A

double bond between 2 carbon atoms broken
another ethene monomer bonds to first one called additional polmerisation
branching occurs at high temps and and pressures
polyethene is then formed

32
Q

what is the general formula for polmerisation

A

CnH2n

33
Q

High density poly(ethene)

A

fewer branches
strong intermolecular forces
stronger polymers, more rigid

34
Q

uses of high density poly(ethene)

A

plastic bottles, bottle caps, water pipes

35
Q

low density poly(ethene)

A

more branched chains
weaker intermolecular forces
weaker polymers, more flexible

36
Q

uses of low density poly(ethene)

A

plastic bags, plastic wraps, cable insulation

37
Q

what is thermosoftening

A 
melt when heated
no cross links between chains
weak intermolecular forces
low melting points- tend to be flexible
polymer chains tangled but not connected
38
Q

examples of thermosoftening

A

poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(vinylchloride)

39
Q

what is thermosetting

A

don’t melt when heated
strong covalent cross-link bonding that doesn’t break on heating
high b.p so rigid
links between polymer chains

40
Q

examples of thermosetting

A

vulcanised rubber, bakelite

41
Q

what is corrosion

A

destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment. rusting is an example

42
Q

how does sacrificial protection work on small objects

A

metal can be coated in more reactive metal e.g. zinc which will corrode first, preventing the iron
this is galvanising

43
Q

how does sacrificial protection work on large objects

A

large iron structures that are exposed to water and oxygen to large to be galvanised
blocks of more reactive metal attached to iron structures
zinc sacrificed to prevent iron from rusting
must be replaced before zinc dissolves

44
Q

corrosion of aluminium

A

aluminium is very reactive and becomes oxidized quickly
al oxide layer isn’t crumbly like iron so thin layer acts as protective coating and al underneath stays intact for a long time

45
Q

reduce

A

reducing the use of limited resources to make materials and energy

46
Q

reuse

A

reusing products to reduce the production of new materials from limited resources

47
Q

recycle

A

converting waste materials into new materials and objects

48
Q

recycling metals

A

melting and recasting or reforming

amount of separation required depends on metal properties required for final product

49
Q

recycling of aluminium

A

al most commonly recycled metal
when recycled only uses 5% of energy needed to extract from ore
most day-to-day aluminium you come across is at least 50% recycled

50
Q

recycling of copper and gold/solver

A

copper recycled as it’s finite
silver and god recycled as hard to find
main source of recycled gold comes from computer component parts

51
Q

why is it a problem to recycle alloys

A

because the alloys can’t always be separated

52
Q

recycling glass

A

bottles can often be reused without reshaping
so can’t so are recycled. glass separated by colour and chemical composition
crushed then melted to be reshaped

53
Q

for any product that’s made which stages are take into account when considering the life cycle of a product

A

extracting and processing raw materials
manufacturing and packaging
use and operation during its lifetime
disposal at end of useful like, including transport an distribution at the end of every stage

54
Q

a life cycle assessment is carried out by:

A

listing all energy and material inputs into environment
evaluation of environmental impacts from inputs and outputs
interpreting results to help make decisions

55
Q

why are results of an LCA always open for debate

A

when considering environmental impact, common to convert data to single score
requires subjective decisions-bias
sometimes no factual evidence so estimations made

56
Q

what is the collision theory

A

states in order from chemical reaction to occur, particles must collide with sufficient energy
minimum energy required for particles for reaction to be successful is the activation energy

57
Q

what happens as the reaction progresses

A

contraction of reactants decreases reducing frequency of collisions between particles so reaction slows down

58
Q

how to increase the rate of a chemical reaction

A

particles must collide more frequently and/or collide with more energy

59
Q

how to achieve a higher rate of reaction

A

increase concentration
increase temperature
increase pressure

Chemistry (13 decks)

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