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Geography > Y9 - The Restless Earth > Flashcards

Y9 - The Restless Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Inner most layer of the earth called?

A

The inner Core

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2
Q

What is the Inner Core?

A

The Hot, solid center of the earth.

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3
Q

What is the 2nd most inner layer of the earth called ?

A

Outer core

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4
Q

What is The Outer core?

A

The liquid layer surrounding the inner core. Mainly made of iron and nickel, this creates our magnetic field

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5
Q

What is the layer surrounding the outer core?

A

The mantle

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6
Q

What is the mantle

A

The thick layer of magma, the thickest layer.

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7
Q

What is the outer layer of the earth?

A

The Crust

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8
Q

What is the Crust?

A

A thin layer of solid rock making up the outer shell of the Earth​. it is made up of large tectonic plate that are in a constant, slow motion.

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9
Q

What are the two types of Crust?

A

Oceanic and Continental

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10
Q

How did continental crust form?

A

When the earth cools down

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11
Q

How did Oceanic crust form?

A

Its constantly being recycled by the processes in the layer below

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12
Q

What is the temperature of the crust?

A

22*C, therefore solid

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13
Q

What is the composition of the oceanic crust?

A

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon, magnesium, aluminium, mainly basalt

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14
Q

What is the composition of continental crust?

A

Granite, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, mainly granite

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15
Q

How deep is crust?

A

8km ( oceanic) but continental can go up to 70km.

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16
Q

What is the crust and the top of the mantle also called?

A

The lithosphere.

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17
Q

What is the lithosphere like?

A

It is brittle

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18
Q

What is the lower mantle called?

A

Asthenosphere

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19
Q

What is the Asthenosphere like?

A

its malleable

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20
Q

What temperature is the upper mantle?

A

1400 - 3000 * C, Liquid/ solid, the lower it is the liquidizer it gets

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21
Q

What composition is the upper mantle?

A

iron, oxygen, silicon, Magnesium and silicon

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22
Q

Where is The upper mantle?

A

Up to 670km below the earths surface.;

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23
Q

What temperture is the lower mantle?

A

3000*C, solid but hot enough to melt, pressure keeps it solid

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24
Q

What temperature is the lower mantle?

A

3000*C, solid but hot enough to melt, pressure keeps it solid

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25
Q

what is the composition of the lower mantle?

A

iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, amuminium.

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26
Q

Where is the lower mantle?

A

between 670 and 2890km below the earths surface.

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27
Q

What temperature is the outercore?

A

4000 - 6000 *C, liquid

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28
Q

What composition does the outer core have?

A

Iron, Nickel, Sulfur and Oxygen

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29
Q

Where is the outer core?

A

5150 km deep.

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30
Q

What temperature is the inner core?

A

5000 - 6000 *C, solid because of the pressure

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31
Q

What is the composition of the inner core?

A

iron and Nickel

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32
Q

Where is the inner core

A

its a ball in the center of the earth, 2500 km wide.

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33
Q

What and how do convection currents work?

A

Rock in the mantle is melted by heat from the Earth’s core, turning to magma. ​

The warm magma rises through the mantle to the Earth’s crust.​

The magma at the surface is pushed to the side as more magma rises from the core.​

This creates lateral pressure and carries the plate along the surface. ​

Eventually, the magma cools and begins to sink back down into the mantle.​

This is called a convection current.​ This happens in a circular motion, Like soup.
This builds up lateral pressure and moves the plates with them outwards.

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34
Q

What is a tectonic plate?

A

A tectonic plate is a slab of solid rock, composed of both continental and oceanic crust.

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35
Q

What is a constructive margin?

A

Plates moving apart, creates new land

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36
Q

What is a margin

A

the lines between plates

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37
Q

What is a Destructive margin?

A

Plates moving together

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38
Q

What is a conservative margin?

A

Plates moving side by side

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39
Q

What is a constructive boundary like?

A

Caused normally by convection currents, this is two plates pulling apart normally causing a volcano between the 2 plates.

40
Q

What does a constructive boundary have/ cause?

A

Normally between 2 oceanic plates.
Volcanoes
very small earthquakes
ocean ridges

41
Q

What is a destructive margin like?

A

An oceanic and continental plate moving into each other. The oceanic one gets submerged. this can create volcanoes because of the melting expanding pressure of the oceanic plate.

42
Q

What does a destructive margin have/ cause?

A

Oceanic and continental plates
volcanoes and earthquakes
ocean trenches
fold mountains

43
Q

What is a collision margin like?

A

A collision boundary is 2 continental plates moving together. This creates fold mountains.

44
Q

What does a collision margin have/ cause?

A

2 con plates
earthquakes
no volcanoes
fold mountains

45
Q

What is a conservative margin like?

A

two plates travelling in different dirctions or the same, next to eachother. At different speeds.

46
Q

How do mountains change over time?

A

Erosion​

Weathering​

Mass Movement​

Tectonic activity​

47
Q

what are earthquakes?

A

vibrations caused by earth movements at plate margins and at major fault lines (cracks in the earth’s surface).​
They can occur at all major plate margins but the most severe earthquakes are normally found at Conservative and Destructive margins.​

48
Q

how do earth quakes happen?

A

The two plates at a plate margin cannot move past each other easily.​

The two plates lock together. Friction causes pressure to build up. ​

Suddenly the pressure is released and the plates jolt into a new position.​

This causes seismic waves. The vibrations they cause are called an earthquake.​

49
Q

What is the fault?

A

A fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust.

50
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point at the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

51
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point within the Earth where an Earthquake rupture starts.

52
Q

What are plates?

A

Massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the Earth’s surface and whose movement along faults trigger earthquakes.​

53
Q

what are seismic waves?

A

Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake.

54
Q

what are P waves?

A

expansions and compressions - longitudal
first waves to be recorded in an earthquake, fast.

55
Q

what are love waves?

A

side to side

56
Q

what are S waves?

A

up and down
slightly slower than P waves
S-waves cannot travel through air or water but are more destructive than P-waves because of their larger amplitudes

57
Q

What are raleigh waves?

A

around but like up and down
closer to the surface

58
Q

What is the richer scale?

A

The Richter Scale measures the magnitude of a tremor (how powerful it is) using an instrument called a seismometer ​1 - 10
It is a logarithmic scale which means that a size ‘6’ on the Richter Scale is 10 times more powerful than a size ’5’ and 100 times more powerful than a size ‘4’.​

59
Q

What are the effects of an earthquake?

A

short term of an earthquake can include the ground shaking, buildings collapsing, and the ground splitting. ​

​long term effects may include subsidence, tsunamis, fires, contamination of water supplies, gas leaks, and power outages.

60
Q

How do we monitor earthquakes?

A

Using a seismometer

61
Q

What is a seismometer?

A

An instrument used to mesure seismic wave

62
Q

How can we use information from seismometer?

A

We can use the information from the seismometer to predict when a powerful earthquake might occur, so that people can be better prepared​

63
Q

what are the responses to an earthquake?

A

Short-term responses involve search and rescue and helping the injured.​

Long-term responses may last weeks, months and years after a disaster. It involves rebuilding destroyed houses, schools, hospitals and preventing future disasters.​

64
Q

what is a volcano?

A

A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape.​

65
Q

what is the ring of fire?

A

A path that traces the boundaries of several tectonic plates around the Pacific Ocean

66
Q

How many of the planets volcanoes are found in the ring of fire?

A

75%

67
Q

How many of the planets volcanoes are found in the ring of fire?

A

75%

68
Q

What is a volcanic eruption?

A

An emission of gasses and molten rock from the Earths core

69
Q
  1. What do we call magma when it is above ground? How hot can it be?
A

Lava. 2000 F

70
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow?

A

Searing hot gas and ash race down the side of a volcano at 100mph, burning everything in its path

71
Q

How do we measure volcanic eruptions?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Scale (VEI) – a logarithmic scale with no upper limmit

72
Q

Active volcano

A

if it has erupted recently it is likely to do so again e.g. Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy​

73
Q

Dormant Volcano

A

– (sleeping) a volcano which has not erupted for many years. For example, Mount Pinatubo, in the Philippines, erupted in 1991 after 500 years of dormancy.​

74
Q

Extinct volcano

A

– a volcano which has not erupted for many thousands or millions of years e.g. Castle Rock, Edinburgh, Scotland

75
Q

What are the characteristics of a shield volcano?​

​

A

Constructive plate boundary or hot spot
Wide base​
Gentle slopes​
Runny lava​
Layers of new rock​
Erupt frequently​
Cone with wide base and gentle slopes​
Made of lava only​
Regular and frequent eruptions​
Lava pours out with little violence​
As the plates move apart, magma rises upwards from the mantle to fill the gap. This adds new rock to the spreading plates. ​

Some of the magma may also be forced out to the surface through a vent. Some volcanoes grow high enough to form volcanic islands.
An example of a shield volcano is Mauna Loa.

76
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano?​

​

A

Narrow base​
Steep slopes​
Thick, viscous lava​
Layers of rock and ash​
Irregular, violent eruptions​
Destructive plate boundary

77
Q

How do tectonic plates move?

A

Rock in the mantle is melted by heat from the Earth’s core, turning to magma. ​

The warm magma rises through the mantle to the Earth’s crust.​

The magma at the surface is pushed to the side as more magma rises from the core.​

This creates lateral pressure and carries the plate along the surface. ​

Eventually, the magma cools and begins to sink back down into the mantle.​

This is called a convection current.​

78
Q

How are fold mountains formed

A

Rivers erode material from the land surface and transport it out to sea. ​
Layers of deposited sediment build up over time forming sedimentary rock due to compression. ​
This moving together of rock leads to the layers of rock being pushed up and down. ​
The buckling and crumpling produces fold mountains. ​

79
Q

Earthquake anatomy

A

​

An Earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by sudden motions along faults, or fractures in the Earth’s crust.

80
Q

WHat is the new mesure of earthquakes we use?

A

the moment magnitude scale

81
Q

Fold mountains

A

– large mountain ranges where rock layers have been crumpled as they have been forced together

82
Q

Mantle

A

– the dense, mostly solid layer of molten rock between the outer core and the crust

83
Q

Composite volcano

A

– a steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash (it is the result of violent eruptions at destructive-subduction margins)

84
Q

Lava

A

– name given to molten magma when it erupts at the surface

85
Q

Vent

A

– the opening – usually central and single – in a volcano, from which magma is emitted

86
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

– a fast-flowing cloud of red-hot gases, cinders and ash erupted from a volcano.

87
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

– where a plate is slipping past another plate, pressure builds if the plates get stuck, then the plate jolts and releases energy as an earthquake

88
Q

Plate margin

A

– the boundary where two plates meet​

89
Q

Lahar

A

– these secondary effects of a volcanic eruption are mudflows resulting from ash mixing with melting ice or water

90
Q

Crust

A

– the shell or skin of the earth

91
Q

Magma

A

– molten rock in the mantle

92
Q

Convection currents

A

– the circular currents of heat in the mantle

93
Q

Destructive subduction plate boundary

A

– where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. As a result, the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate

94
Q

Destructive subduction plate boundary

A

– where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate. As a result, the oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate

95
Q

Ocean trenches

A

– deep sections of the ocean, usually found at a destructive-subduction margin where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate​

Geography (10 decks)

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