Y9 - Rocks Flashcards
Sedimentary and igneous —> Metamorphic
Heat and Pressure
Metamorphic and igneous —> Sedimentary
Erosion or weather
what is a rock?
a solid material that makes up the earths surface
coalesce is ..
to come together to form one mass or whole
Igneous rock
Formed from molten rock from the Earth’s interior that has cooled.
Is hard and resistant to erosion.
Can be intrusive or extrusive.
sedimentary rock
eroded sediments or plant and animal remains- they are soft
Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the remains of sea creatures e.g. chalk
Other types come from minerals precipitated out of water e.g. gypsum.
Silicates such as sandstone which were formed by eroded quartz which is deposited by water, or moved by the wind.
These minerals are compressed over time to from rock.
metamorphic rock
rocks changed into it by heat or pressure
Comes from the word metamorphosis – to change.
Heat, pressure and time change igneous and sedimentary rocks into other rocks.
can igneous or metamorphic rocks have fossils?
not usually
what rocks can have fossils?
sedimentary rocks
metamorphic and sedimentary-> igneous
melting and re-shaping
what are some of the types of rock processes?
uplift,weathering,erosion,deposition,melting,cementation, compaction
uplift is..
Earth’s surface being pushed up by the movement of tectonic plates.
weathering is..
the removal of weathered material by wind, water and ice
erosion is ….
the breakdown of rock “in- situ”
deposition is..
eroded sediment being dropped
melting is..
intense heat and pressure forces rocks to turn into liquid.
cementation is..
crystals form by precipitating out of ground water. they grow between the sediment grains, cementing them together.
compaction is..
minerals and grains are pushed together and lose the pore spaces between them
Releif is…
the term used for the differences in height from place to place non the lands surface and it is greatly affected by the underlying geology
what is releif massively impacted by?
releif is massively impacted by the underlying geological structures
what are the 3 main characteristics relief affected by?
Hardness, permeability, structure
sineline is
a trough or a fold
anticline is
ridge or a fold
hardness is..
some rocks are soft, some are hard. the harder ones are typically more resistant to weathering and erosion. Hard rocks will erode less therefore will sit higher up on mountains.therefore the softer rock will form the lower lands
Permeability is…
whether water ( or how much water) can flow through a certain rock. If water can flow through a rock easily, it will erode faster.
structure is..
what a rock is made of and how its made can effect how strong or brittle it is.
strata is..
layers of rock
what are limestone landscapes like?
deep striations, limestone pavements, stallagatites-mites,caves,,cockarst
why are limestone landscapes the way they are?
weathering and erosion
what are the lumpy bits on limestone pavements?
clints(bumps) and grykes (big gaps)
what is freeze thaw?
when water gets into the grykes, freezes the expands, this then expands the grykes
how are grykes made?
weathering and erosion make cracks , then freeze thaw make them bigger.
What are cockpit karsts made?e deep grooves in the lands surface
they are made when grykes are continually worn away by water and mroe chemical weathering. they ar
potholes…
grykes let water sink through the rock to form potholes. Potholes ——> bigger cave
what stalag goes up?
Stalagmites
what stalag goes down?
stalactites
How are tors formed?
granite is formed deep underground in intense heat
uplifted grantie then formed a mountain range with other materials
it was then weathered away to form tors
What are clitter slopes?
collections of debris of what was part of a tor
WHat is a rock?
rock is the solid material that makes up the Earth’s surface.
Intrusive igneous
Intrusive means that the molten rock has cooled before it reached the Earth’s surface. It is exposed by the weathering of the softer rock around it.
If the molten rock cools slowly the crystals are large. If it cools quickly they are small.
Extrusive igneous
Extrusive means that the molten rock has reached the Earth’s surface and is lava.
Types of igneous rock
Basalt, granite
Types of sedimentary
Detrial, chemical, biochemical
Types of metamorphic
Quatsite, marble, slate
Releif
Relief’ is the term used for the differences in height from place to place on the land’s surface and it is greatly affected by the underlying geology.
Granite characteristics
Granite is an igneous rock
Granite is impermeable
This means there is a high drainage density (in other words, there are a lot of rivers and streams)
Granite is resistant to weathering
Usually forms upland areas
There is a lot of rainfall so there are peat bogs and areas of standing water on the surface.
Valleys are usually noticeably V-shaped with fairly steep sides
On a map, the contour lines are close together as the slopes tend to be steep.
Granite batholins
granite is exposed at the top of batholins, usualyy produces flat-topped moorlands
Soil
Soil is loose minerals and organic material. It’s about half minerals, half-open space – all within the top few centimeters of the surface.
It’s forms in layers called horizons, and is often mixed with organic material called humus.
Types of soil
clay,sandy,silty,peaty,chalky,loamy
Humus
Humus is all the organic stuff.
Basically, it’s an accumulation of decayed and decomposed matter such as plants and animals.
If you have ever made compost, you are making humus!
Soil size
Soil texture describes particle size.
For soil, it consists of sand, silt, and clay.
SAND: Sand is the largest in particle size.
SILT: Silt is just sand, but smaller.
CLAY: Clay has even smaller particles than silt
Because clay is so small, it clumps together easily. But sand has larger particles so it doesn’t tend to clump up as much. Loam is a mix of about 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay.
Soil formed
Soil formation is driven by weathering and erosion
The major soil formation factors are:
Climate
Relief
Organisms
Parent material
Time
Clay soil
small paricles
SAndy soil
large particles, many colors, water passes through
SIlty soil
medium sized particles, sorta holds water
peaty soil
high in carbon and iron
Loamy soil
mix of clay, sandy and silty soil
Climate formation factors
It is one of the most important factors Affecting Formation of Soil. Climatic components like temperature and rainfall / precipitation are the major contributing factors influencing the effect of climate. These components affect the amount of vegetation and forest cover as well as human/animal activity in the area. The climate of an area also affects the weathering process which affects the soil formation process and speed
Parent material formation factors
It refers to the unconsolidated mineral material or organic material from which the soil is formed. Soils will carry the physical and chemical characteristics of its parent material such as color, texture, structure, mineral composition and so on. For example, if soils are formed from an area with large rocks (parent rocks) of red sandstone, the soils will also be red in color and have the same feel as its parent material. The rate of soil formation is also influenced by the parent material.
topography soil formatrion factors
Topography
The shape of the land surface, its slope and position on the landscape, greatly influence the kinds of soils formed. The soil formation is also affected by surface runoff or depth to water table. Soils that developed on higher elevations and sloping areas are generally excessively drained or well drained. Steep, long slopes mean water will run down faster and potentially erode the surfaces of slopes. Permeability of the soil material; as well as the length, steepness, and configuration of the slopes, influence the kind of soil that is formed in an area.
Organism formation factors
Organisms
All living organisms including bacteria, fungi, vegetation, humans and animals actively influence the process of soil formation. Some types of micro-organisms promote acid conditions and change the chemistry of the soil which in turn influences the type of soil forming processes that take place. Microbial animals decompose organic materials and return the products of decomposition to the soil. Animal droppings, dead insects and animals result in additional decaying organic matter. Microorganisms also help with mineral and nutrient cycling and chemical reactions. Earthworms and burrowing animals mix the soil and change its physical characteristics. They generally make the soil more permeable to air and water. Their waste products cause aggregation of the soil particles and improve soil structure.
