GCSE 1.A - Challenge of Natural Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

a natural process which could cause death, injury or disruption to humans, or destroy property or possessions

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2
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

A natural hazard that has actually happened

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3
Q

What are the 2 main types of natural hazards?

A
  1. geological hazards
  2. Meteorological Hazards
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4
Q

What are geological hazards?

A

Hazards caused by land and tectonic processes

e.g. Volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and avalanches

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5
Q

What are Meteorological Hazards?

A

Hazards cuased by weather and climate

e.g. tropical storms

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6
Q

What is the crust divided into?

A

Tectonic plates:
- Continental - Thicker and less dense
- Oceanic - thinner and more dense

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7
Q

Why are the tectonic plates moving?

A

Convection currents in the mantle

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8
Q

What is the place where the plates meet called?

A

Plate boundary/margin

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9
Q

What is a destructive margin?

A

2 Plates moving towards eachother
- Oceanic ( denser- Subducted) and continental creating gas-rich magma
- OR 2 Continental plates - fold mountains

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10
Q

What structures occur at destructive plate margins?

A

(Oceanic and Cont) - Volcanoes and ocean trenches
(2 cont) - Fold mountains

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11
Q

What is an example of a destructive plate boundary?

A

West coast of south africa - Oceanic Nazca plate subducted unter South American plate - Atacama Trench

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12
Q

What happens at constructive margins?

A

2 Plates moving **away ** from eachother
- Magma rises from the mantle to fill the gap and coolsm creating new crust

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13
Q

What happens at conservative Margins?

A

2 plates moving sideways or in the same direction but at different speeds
- Crust isnt created or destroyed

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14
Q

Which plate boundarys do volcanoes occur at? where else?

A

Destructive and constructive
- mantle hotspots

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15
Q

How do volcanoes form at destructive plate boundarys?

A
  • The denser oceanic plate moves down into the mantle, where it melts.
  • A pool of magma forms, which then rises through cracks in the crust called vents.
  • The magma ( called lava when at surface) erupts, causing a volcano
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16
Q

How do volcanoes form at constructive plate boundarys?

A

the magma rises up into the gap created by plates moving apart, forming a volcano

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17
Q

What do volcanoes emit?

A

Lava and gases
Some emit lots of ash, which can cover land, block out the sun and form Pyroclastic flows

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18
Q

what is pyroclastic flow?

A

Super-heated currents of gas, ash and rock

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19
Q

How do earthquakes form at destructive plate boundarys?

A

Tension builds when one plate gets stuck as it moves past the other

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20
Q

How do earthquakes form at Constructive plate boundarys?

A

Tension builds along cracks in the plates as they move away from eachother

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21
Q

How do earthquakes form at Conservative plate boundarys?

A

Tension builds up when plates that are grinding past eachother get stuck

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22
Q

How do earthquakes form from tension in the plates?

A

The plates jerk past eachother, sending out shock waves
The waves spread out from the Focus

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23
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point in the earth where the earthquake starts - the waves are stronger nearer here and cause more damage

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24
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

the point on the earth’s surface straight above the focus

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25
Q

How are earthquakes mesured?

A

The moment magnitude scale
- the amount of energy released by and earthqauke
- Logarithmic scale ( x10 like pH)

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26
Q

What is the case study for Tectonic Hazards in contrasting countries?

A

New Zealand, Kaikoura 14 Nov 2016. magnitude: 7.8
Nepal, Gorkha 25th April 2015 Magnitude: 7.8

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27
Q

What is the GDP Per capita difference between New Zealand and Nepal?

A

NZ : US $40 331
NP: US $690

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28
Q

What is the Earthquake Primary effects difference between New Zealand and Nepal

A
  1. Deaths
    NZ - 2 died and 50 injured
    NP- 9000 people died and 22000 Injured
  2. NP suffered 80x Building destruction but Nz damages cost 3.5 Billion more
  3. NP: Water tanks and Pipes destroyed 2 Million without access to clean wtaer and sanitation NZ: same
  4. NZ: 60 people provided with emergency hosuing NP: 4Million left homeless without support
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29
Q

What is the Earthquake Secondary effects difference between New Zealand and Nepal

A
  1. Nepal
    - Lack of clean water caused Typhus outbreak, Killed around 13 people
    - avalnches on mount eveerest killed 18 people
  2. New Zealand
    - Major road and railroad lines were blocked
    - Tsunami caused with debri 250m inland
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30
Q

What is the Earthquake Immediate response New Zealand?

A

New Zealand:
- Tsunami warning issued quickly
- Emergency shelters provided
- 200 Most vunerable people evacuated from kaikoura by helicopter within 24 hours
- Power resoted within a few hours - temp water supplies set up

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31
Q

What is the Earthquake Immediate response Nepal?

A
  • India and china sent teams to help reidents rescue people trapped by debris - lack of machineyr slowed down rescue efforts
  • Previously damaged roads prevented emergency workers and aid to reach some of the injured
  • Charities e.g. Oxfam provided medicine, food and temporary water supplies
  • The red cross set up emergency shelters for 130000 families who had lost their homes
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32
Q

What is the Earthquake long-term response New Zealand?

A

$5.3million of funding was provided by the Kaikoura district council to help with rebuilding the town’s wtaer systems and harbour
- Most road and rail routes were repaired in 2 years
- The Kaikoura Mayoral Earthquake Releif fund was set up to help residents who couldnt afford basic supplies.
- March 2017, a permanent water main that was resilient to earthquakes was constructed

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33
Q

What is the Earthquake long-term response Nepal?

A
  • Thw World Bank group Finanched $ 500 Million worth of projects to build earthquake-resistant housingm and repair roads and irrigation systems - projects are still ongoing
  • Only the Roads from Nepal to Tibet was reopeed 2 years after, many roads are stil damaged
  • Water supply is being restored, but many people still dont have acces to clean water
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34
Q

What are the positives of living near tectonic hazards?

A
  • They’ve always lived there - family links
  • In weathier countries, risk is minimised by preventions and planning
  • Governmental support after earthquakes - 2001 Mount Etna, Italy support was provided
  • Volcanic ash makes soil very fertile, attracting farmers - Mount Etna ideal for Grapes
  • Tourism
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35
Q

What are the 4 main earthquake management strategies?

A

Monitoring
Prediction
Protection
Planning

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36
Q

How does monitoring reduce the effect of tectonic hazards?

A
  • Earthquakes- Seismometers and larsers monitor earth movements to create early warning systems
  • Volcanic Eruptions - Smaller earthquakes, escaping gas and shape of volcano can indicate early eruption
37
Q

What is global atmospheric circulation?

A

the transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air
- Divided into cells ( 3 per hemisphere) which each have a low pressure belt ( warm air rising) and a high pressure belt ( Cool sinking air)

38
Q

Why does wind/ air movement occur?

A

Differences in air pressure - winds blow from high pressure areas to low pressure areas

39
Q

How is the hadley cell created?

A
  • The sun warms the Earth at the equator, causing the air to rise - Low pressure belt at the equator
  • As the air rises it cools and moves awaya from the equator - 30 * north and south of the equator the cool air sinks creating a high pressure belt
40
Q

What is the coriolis effect?

A

At ground surface on thre high pressure belts, the cool air moves either back to the equator ( As trade winds) or towards the poles ( as westerlies). The winds curve because of the earths rotation

41
Q

How is the ferrel cell and polar cell created?

A

60 degrees noth and south of the equator the warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles. The warmer air rises, creating low pressure. Some of this air then moves back towards the equator.

Some of this air moves towards the poles, cools and sinks creating high pressure, the high pressure is then pulled back towards to equator

42
Q

What is the weather like at the equator due to atmospheric circulation?

A

the sun is directly overhead, creating solar radiation, making it hot
Warm, moist air rises and forms clouds , so it rains alot

43
Q

What is the weather like at 30 degrees north and south of the equator due to atmospheric circulation?

A

Most of the air moisture has been released as rain. Dry air and little rain fall creates deserts

44
Q

How does global atmospheric circulation affect UK weather?

A

It lies close to the low pressure zone at 60 degrees north. Warm air brings lots of cloud cover and rainfall, often as low pressure systems carried by the atlanti by westernly winds

45
Q

When do tropical storm occur?

A

Between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator when:
sea temp is 27 degrees c or higher
Wind shear ( Diff in wind speed) is low - Prevents clouds from beaking up as they rise so the storm stays in contact

46
Q

How do tropical storms form?

A
  • The warm surface evaportates, rises and condenses into clouds. This releases huge amounts of energy, producing powerful storms. The rising air creates of low pressure, which increases surface winds.
  • Storms spin because of the coriolis effect
  • As the storm moves over the ocean, the energy from the warm water strengthens the storm, so wind speeds increase
47
Q

Why do tropical storms loose strength over land or cool water?

A

the energy supply from the warm water is cut

48
Q

Why do tropical storms move towards the west?

A

easternly winds from near the equator

49
Q

What are the properties of a tropical storm?

A
  • circular, hundreds of Km wide and usually last 7-14 days. They spin anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern
50
Q

Whats the centre of a tropical storm like?

A

Called the eye, it up to 50km across and its caused by descending air
Very low pressure, light winds, no clouds, no rain and a high temperature

51
Q

Whats the eyewall of a tropical storm like?

A

Surrounding the eye, Theres spiralling rising air, very strong winds, storm clouds, torrential rain and a low temperature

52
Q

Whats the edges of a tropical storm like?

A

The wind speed falls the clouds become smaller and more scattered, the rain becomes less intense and the temperature increases

53
Q

What is the tropical storms case study and general facts?

A

Typhoon Haiyan
- Made landfall in the philippines on the 8th Nov 2013

54
Q

What were the primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • Over 6300 people were killed
  • Over 1 Million homes were severely damaged or destroyed - 1.9 People were made homeless
  • Strong winds damages electricity lines, water supplies were contaminated by salt water from storm surge
  • Flooded 600, 000 hecatres of land
  • Cost of damage US $13 Billion
55
Q

What were the secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  1. Flooding triggered several landslides - Blokced roads and delayed arrival of aid
  2. 5.6 million workers lost their jobs after business and agricultural land were destroye
  3. lack of clean water caused outbreaks of diseases such as dysentery
56
Q

What were the immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

PAGASA broadcast warnings about Typhoon Haiyan 2 days before landfall
- 800 000 People were evacuated but some died due to evacuation centres being flooded
- Philippines declared state of emergency which lead to many charities offering aid in form of food, shelter and clean water
- Plan International contrusted Pit Latrines for 100 000 people to help prevent the spread of disease

57
Q

What were the long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • The UN appealed for 300 Million to help funding rebuilding and releif
  • Charities built new storm resistant housing
  • Philippines encouraged people to visit unnaffected sections of the country to aid through toursism
58
Q

How may climate change affect tropical storms?

A
  • Frequency - staying at 27C or higher for longer each year - more storms
  • Distribution - Storms forming in new areas-
  • Intensity - More evaporation - increased cloud formation
59
Q

How can you plan against tropical storms?

A
  • Prediction and Monitoring
  • Planning
  • Protection

Typhoon haiyan examples

60
Q

**

Examples of the UK’s temperature becoming more extreme

A
  • 10 warmest years all from after 2002, 2018 hottest summer on record.
  • December 2010 was coldest month for over 100 years
61
Q

Examples of the UK’s rainfall becoming more extreme

A
  • Major flooding events occured and have become more frequent
  • December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded
62
Q

What is the case study for UK weather hazards?

A

Somerset levels flooding in winter 2013-2014 - Experienced 3x average amount of rainfall
- Lots of rain fell on saturated ground and coincided with high tides and storm surges. This caused an extensive flooding of the Levels, an area of low-lying land criss-crossed by rivers
- The river had also not been dredges regularyl for 20 years, reducing its capacity

63
Q

What were the social impacts of the Somerset levels flooding?

A
  1. More than 600 homes were flooded, and many people were forced to evacuate
  2. Villages e.g. Mulchelney were cut off by road
  3. Major transport links, e.g. A361 or train lines were closed
  4. Insurance prices soared, and many were unable to prevent their houses against future flooding
64
Q

What were the environmental impacts of the Somerset levels flooding?

A
  1. 11500 were flooded, including famland - destroying many
  2. Standing made the ground toxic and unproductive for over a year - loss of nutrients and damage to soil structure decreased the long term fertility of the land
  3. Tonnes of mud and debris were left by the floods, damaging vegatation
65
Q

What were the economical impacts of the Somerset levels flooding?

A
  1. the cost of damage to the somerset levels was estimated over £80 million
  2. local companies lost more than 1.2 million pounds in businesses
  3. Loss of tourism cost the county £200 million
66
Q

What flood management strategies were in place before the somerset levels flooding?

A
  1. Warning systems gave people time to prepare e.g. the Met office warned people to find emergency accomodtion incase they had to leave their home
  2. Individuals and local authorities used sandbags and flood boards to try and limit flood damage to homes
67
Q

What flood management strategies were in place after the somerset levels flooding?

A

the “Somerset levels and Moor flood action plan
- 20 year plan aims to limit the risk of future flooding - £100 Million will be spent on:
- Creating additional pumping stations
- Regular dredging of rivers
- Building a tidal barrier at bridge water
- Widening rivers

68
Q

How can prediction and monitoring reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A
  • Monitored using radar, sattelites and aircraft. Computer model scan then be used to calculate a storms predicted path
  • Time to evacuate
69
Q

How can planning reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A
  • Future developments can avoid high risk areas, such as low-lying coastal zones
  • Governments can plan evacuation routes to ensure people can get away quickly
  • Emergency services can prepare for disaster by practising rescuing people from flooded areas
70
Q

How can protection reduce the effect of tropical storms?

A
  • Infrastructure designed to withstand tropical storms
  • Flood defences can be built along rivers
71
Q

Interglacial period

A

In-between glacial periods

72
Q

Glacial period

A

Very cold period of time

73
Q

WHat are the 3 natural factors towards climate change?

A

Solar output
orbital changes
Volcanic activity

74
Q

How do orbital changes
contribute towards climate change?

A
  • Orbital changes affect how much solar radiation the earth receives - more energy = more warming
75
Q

What are the 3 variations in the way the earth orbits the sun

A

Stretch - Circular/ elliptical - called eccentricity
Tilt - axis tilt (causes seasons)
Wobble - earth wobbles like a spinning top (precision)

these changes can cause the glacial and interglacial periods

76
Q

How do volcanic activity
contribute towards climate change?

A
  • major eruptions eject large quantities of material into the atmosphere
  • Some of these particles reflect the suns rays back into space, so the earth cools
  • Volcanic activity may cause short term cooling
  • CO2 may be released
77
Q

What is an example of volcanic activity causing short term cooling?

A

The earth cooled by about 0.5*C after Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991

78
Q

How does solar output
contribute towards climate change?

A
  • The suns energy output changes in short cycles of about 11 years and long cycles of 100 years as well
  • More solar output = Higher climate temp
    This isn’t thought to have an outlying effect on climate change
79
Q

What are the 4 ways that provide evidence for climate change?

A

Ice and sediment cores
Tree rings
Pollen analysis
Temperature analysis

80
Q

How do ice and sediment cores provide evidence for climate change

A

Ice sheets are layers of ice - one forms each year
Scientists drill into ice sheets to get long cores of ice
By analysing the gases trapped in the layers of ice, you can tell what the temperature was each year

81
Q

How do tree rings provide evidence for climate change

A

Tree rings grow each year and are thicker in warm, wet conditions
- Count rings for age of tree
- thickness of rings show climate
- Reliable for past 10, 000 years

82
Q

How do pollen analysis provide evidence for climate change

A

Pollen from plants gets preserved in sediment
- This can be identified and dated to see what species were living at the time
- Compared to the plants now, we can see the conditions were similar so the climate is the same.

83
Q

How do temperature records provide evidence for climate change

A

Since the 1850s, global temps have been measured using thermometers - gives a reliable but short term record
News paper and other historical records can be used to date further back

84
Q

What are the 4 ways Humans contribute to greenhouse gases (climate change)

A

Burning fossil fuels
Farming
Cement production
Deforestation

85
Q

Why does burning fossil fuels contribute to greenhouse gases (climate change)

A

CO2 is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas and petrol is burnt e.g cars or thermal power stations

86
Q

Why does farming contribute to greenhouse gases (climate change)

A

1) livestock produces a lot of methane through farting or burping
2) Rice paddies contribute to global warming as flooded field release CO2

87
Q

Why does cement production contribute to greenhouse gases (climate change)

A

Cement is made from limestone, which contains Carbon. When its produced it releases CO2

88
Q

Why does deforestation contribute to greenhouse gases (climate change)

A

Plants remove CO2 and convert it into organic matter during photosynthesis.
- When they are cut down they stop dong this
- Burnt trees release CO2 to make way for agriculture

89
Q

Why are tectonic plates moving?

A

convection currents