GCSE 1.A - Challenge of Natural Hazards Flashcards

Question

How are earthquakes mesured?

Answer 1

**The moment magnitude scale** - the amount of energy released by and earthqauke - Logarithmic scale ( x10 like pH)

Answer 2

New Zealand, Kaikoura 14 Nov 2016. magnitude: 7.8 Nepal, Gorkha 25th April 2015 Magnitude: 7.8

Answer 3

NZ : US $40 331 NP: US $690

Answer 4

1. Deaths NZ - 2 died and 50 injured NP- 9000 people died and 22000 Injured 2. NP suffered 80x Building destruction but Nz damages cost 3.5 Billion more 3. NP: Water tanks and Pipes destroyed 2 Million without access to clean wtaer and sanitation NZ: same 4. NZ: 60 people provided with emergency hosuing NP: 4Million left homeless without support

Answer 5

1. Nepal - Lack of clean water caused Typhus outbreak, Killed around 13 people - avalnches on mount eveerest killed 18 people 2. New Zealand - Major road and railroad lines were blocked - Tsunami caused with debri 250m inland

Answer 6

New Zealand: - Tsunami warning issued quickly - Emergency shelters provided - 200 Most vunerable people evacuated from kaikoura by helicopter within 24 hours - Power resoted within a few hours - temp water supplies set up

Answer 7

- India and china sent teams to help reidents rescue people trapped by debris *- lack of machineyr slowed down rescue efforts* - Previously damaged roads prevented emergency workers and aid to reach some of the injured - Charities e.g. Oxfam provided medicine, food and temporary water supplies - The red cross set up emergency shelters for 130000 families who had lost their homes

Answer 8

$5.3million of funding was provided by the Kaikoura district council to help with rebuilding the town's wtaer systems and harbour - Most road and rail routes were repaired in 2 years - The Kaikoura Mayoral Earthquake Releif fund was set up to help residents who couldnt afford basic supplies. - March 2017, a permanent water main that was resilient to earthquakes was constructed

Answer 9

- Thw World Bank group Finanched $ 500 Million worth of projects to build earthquake-resistant housingm and repair roads and irrigation systems - *projects are still ongoing* - Only the Roads from Nepal to Tibet was reopeed 2 years after, many roads are stil damaged - Water supply is being restored, but many people still dont have acces to clean water

Answer 10

- They've always lived there - family links - In weathier countries, risk is minimised by preventions and planning - Governmental support after earthquakes - *2001 Mount Etna, Italy support was provided* - Volcanic ash makes soil very fertile, attracting farmers - *Mount Etna ideal for Grapes* - Tourism

Answer 11

Monitoring Prediction Protection Planning

Answer 12

- Earthquakes- Seismometers and larsers monitor earth movements to create early warning systems - Volcanic Eruptions - Smaller earthquakes, escaping gas and shape of volcano can indicate early eruption

Answer 13

the transfer of heat from the equator to the poles by the movement of air - Divided into cells ( 3 per hemisphere) which each have a low pressure belt ( warm air rising) and a high pressure belt ( Cool sinking air)

Answer 14

Differences in air pressure - winds blow from high pressure areas to low pressure areas

Answer 15

- The sun warms the Earth at the equator, causing the air to rise - Low pressure belt at the equator - As the air rises it cools and moves awaya from the equator - 30 * north and south of the equator the cool air sinks creating a high pressure belt

Answer 16

At ground surface on thre high pressure belts, the cool air moves either back to the equator ( As trade winds) or towards the poles ( as westerlies). The winds curve because of the earths rotation

Answer 17

60 degrees noth and south of the equator the warmer surface winds meet colder air from the poles. The warmer air rises, creating low pressure. Some of this air then moves back towards the equator. Some of this air moves towards the poles, cools and sinks creating high pressure, the high pressure is then pulled back towards to equator

Answer 18

the sun is directly overhead, creating solar radiation, making it hot Warm, moist air rises and forms clouds , so it rains alot

Answer 19

Most of the air moisture has been released as rain. Dry air and little rain fall creates deserts

Answer 20

It lies close to the low pressure zone at 60 degrees north. Warm air brings lots of cloud cover and rainfall, often as low pressure systems carried by the atlanti by westernly winds

Answer 21

Between 5 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator when: sea temp is 27 degrees c or higher Wind shear ( Diff in wind speed) is low *- Prevents clouds from beaking up as they rise so the storm stays in contact*

Answer 22

- The warm surface evaportates, rises and condenses into clouds. This releases huge amounts of energy, producing powerful storms. The rising air creates of low pressure, which increases surface winds. - Storms spin because of the coriolis effect - As the storm moves over the ocean, the energy from the warm water strengthens the storm, so wind speeds increase

Answer 23

the energy supply from the warm water is cut

Answer 24

easternly winds from near the equator

Answer 25

- circular, hundreds of Km wide and usually last 7-14 days. They spin anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern

Answer 26

Called the eye, it up to 50km across and its caused by descending air Very low pressure, light winds, no clouds, no rain and a high temperature

Answer 27

Surrounding the eye, Theres spiralling rising air, very strong winds, storm clouds, torrential rain and a low temperature

Answer 28

The wind speed falls the clouds become smaller and more scattered, the rain becomes less intense and the temperature increases

Answer 29

**Typhoon Haiyan** - Made landfall in the philippines on the 8th Nov 2013

Answer 30

- Over 6300 people were killed - Over 1 Million homes were severely damaged or destroyed - 1.9 People were made homeless - Strong winds damages electricity lines, water supplies were contaminated by salt water from storm surge - Flooded 600, 000 hecatres of land - Cost of damage US $13 Billion

Answer 31

1. Flooding triggered several landslides - Blokced roads and delayed arrival of aid 2. 5.6 million workers lost their jobs after business and agricultural land were destroye 3. lack of clean water caused outbreaks of diseases such as dysentery

Answer 32

PAGASA broadcast warnings about Typhoon Haiyan 2 days before landfall - 800 000 People were evacuated but some died due to evacuation centres being flooded - Philippines declared state of emergency which lead to many charities offering aid in form of food, shelter and clean water - Plan International contrusted Pit Latrines for 100 000 people to help prevent the spread of disease

Answer 33

- The UN appealed for 300 Million to help funding rebuilding and releif - Charities built new storm resistant housing - Philippines encouraged people to visit unnaffected sections of the country to aid through toursism

Answer 34

- Frequency - staying at 27C or higher for longer each year - more storms - Distribution - Storms forming in new areas- - Intensity - More evaporation - increased cloud formation

Answer 35

- Prediction and Monitoring - Planning - Protection | Typhoon haiyan examples

Answer 36

- 10 warmest years all from after 2002, 2018 hottest summer on record. - December 2010 was coldest month for over 100 years

Answer 37

- Major flooding events occured and have become more frequent - December 2015 was the wettest month ever recorded

Answer 38

Somerset levels flooding in winter 2013-2014 - Experienced 3x average amount of rainfall - Lots of rain fell on saturated ground and coincided with high tides and storm surges. This caused an extensive flooding of the Levels, an area of low-lying land criss-crossed by rivers - The river had also not been dredges regularyl for 20 years, reducing its capacity

Answer 39

1. More than 600 homes were flooded, and many people were forced to evacuate 2. Villages e.g. Mulchelney were cut off by road 3. Major transport links, e.g. A361 or train lines were closed 4. Insurance prices soared, and many were unable to prevent their houses against future flooding

Answer 40

1. 11500 were flooded, including famland - destroying many 2. Standing made the ground toxic and unproductive for over a year - loss of nutrients and damage to soil structure decreased the long term fertility of the land 3. Tonnes of mud and debris were left by the floods, damaging vegatation

Answer 41

1. the cost of damage to the somerset levels was estimated over £80 million 2. local companies lost more than 1.2 million pounds in businesses 3. Loss of tourism cost the county £200 million

Answer 42

1. Warning systems gave people time to prepare e.g. the Met office warned people to find emergency accomodtion incase they had to leave their home 2. Individuals and local authorities used sandbags and flood boards to try and limit flood damage to homes

Answer 43

the "**Somerset levels and Moor flood action plan**" - 20 year plan aims to limit the risk of future flooding - £100 Million will be spent on: - Creating additional pumping stations - Regular dredging of rivers - Building a tidal barrier at bridge water - Widening rivers

Answer 44

- Monitored using radar, sattelites and aircraft. Computer model scan then be used to calculate a storms predicted path - Time to evacuate

Answer 45

- Future developments can avoid high risk areas, such as low-lying coastal zones - Governments can plan evacuation routes to ensure people can get away quickly - Emergency services can prepare for disaster by practising rescuing people from flooded areas

Answer 46

- Infrastructure designed to withstand tropical storms - Flood defences can be built along rivers

Answer 47

In-between glacial periods

Answer 48

Very cold period of time

Answer 49

Solar output orbital changes Volcanic activity

Answer 50

- Orbital changes affect how much solar radiation the earth receives - more energy = more warming

Answer 51

Stretch - Circular/ elliptical - called eccentricity Tilt - axis tilt (causes seasons) Wobble - earth wobbles like a spinning top (precision) these changes can cause the glacial and interglacial periods

Answer 52

- major eruptions eject large quantities of material into the atmosphere - Some of these particles reflect the suns rays back into space, so the earth cools - Volcanic activity may cause short term cooling - CO2 may be released

Answer 53

The earth cooled by about 0.5*C after Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991

Answer 54

- The suns energy output changes in short cycles of about 11 years and long cycles of 100 years as well - More solar output = Higher climate temp This isn't thought to have an outlying effect on climate change

Answer 55

Ice and sediment cores Tree rings Pollen analysis Temperature analysis

Answer 56

Ice sheets are layers of ice - one forms each year Scientists drill into ice sheets to get long cores of ice By analysing the gases trapped in the layers of ice, you can tell what the temperature was each year

Answer 57

Tree rings grow each year and are thicker in warm, wet conditions - Count rings for age of tree - thickness of rings show climate - Reliable for past 10, 000 years

Answer 58

Pollen from plants gets preserved in sediment - This can be identified and dated to see what species were living at the time - Compared to the plants now, we can see the conditions were similar so the climate is the same.

Answer 59

Since the 1850s, global temps have been measured using thermometers - gives a reliable but short term record News paper and other historical records can be used to date further back

Answer 60

Burning fossil fuels Farming Cement production Deforestation

Answer 61

CO2 is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas and petrol is burnt e.g cars or thermal power stations

Answer 62

1) livestock produces a lot of methane through farting or burping 2) Rice paddies contribute to global warming as flooded field release CO2

Answer 63

Cement is made from limestone, which contains Carbon. When its produced it releases CO2

Answer 64

Plants remove CO2 and convert it into organic matter during photosynthesis. - When they are cut down they stop dong this - Burnt trees release CO2 to make way for agriculture

Answer 65

convection currents

Answer 66

Sea levels rising Species declining - e.g. Great barrier reaf is suffering from bleaching Precipitation patterns changing Distribution and quantity of species / biodiversity

Answer 67

Warmer temperatures are causing glaciers to shrink and ice sheets to melt -> Melting land ice (e.g. Greenland and antarctic ice sheets) means that water on land is returning to oceans, causing sea levels

Answer 68

Sea ice is shrinking, causing loss of polar habitats Low-lying coastal areas (e.g. Miami and the USA), will flood more regularly. Coastal erosion will increase with sea level rise and some coastal areas will be submerged, so habitats will be lost

Answer 69

- Some species now live at higher altitudes due to warming temperatures - Some habitats are being damaged or destroyed due to climate - species that are adapted to these environments may become extinct e.g. limited bamboo growth is causing decline in panda species

Answer 70

- Deaths due to heat increased - but deaths due to cold decreases - Some areas have become so hot and dry they are inhabitable e.g. maldives - this leads to migration and often overcrowding - Struggling water supply - political tensions on rivers crossing borders -**Farming** - Money used on predicting extreme weather events, reducing their impacts and rebuilding each year

Answer 71

Decreasing yeilds of some crops, but also some crops are benefitting from warmer conditions Lower crop yields can cause malnutrition and disease, particularly in lower latitudes

Answer 72

- Planting trees - Carbon Capture - Alternative energy production - International agreements

Answer 73

Increases the amount of CO2 that is absorbed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis

Answer 74

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is designed to reduce emmisions from power stations burning fossil fuels CCS involves capturing CO2 and transporting it to safe places where it can be stored, e.g. deep underground

Answer 75

1) Replacing fossil fuels with nuclear or renewable energy can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions 2) in the UK, more offshore wind farms are being built

Answer 76

The Paris agreement aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and limit global warming. It came into force on the 4th November 2016 and has been signed by 195 parties, including the EU Each country has set a pledge by how much they will reduce their greenhouse emmisions by. The UK has pledged to reduce their emissions by at least 68% from their 1990 levels by 2030

Answer 77

Mitigation - reduce climate change Adaptation - responding to the effects

Answer 78

Changing agricultural systems Managing water supply Coping with rising sea levels

Answer 79

Changing rainfall patterns and higher temperatures wil affect the productivity of existing systems 1) Plant new crop types that are more suited to the new cliate conditions of the area e.g. Soya, peaches and grapes in S England 2) Biotechnology used to create crops that are more resistant to extreme weather events e.g. drought resistant millets in Kenya

Answer 80

Dry areas are predicted to get dryer, leading to more water shortages - so people need to use water supplys more effeciently 1) Water metres can be installed in homes to discourage excessive water usage 2) Rainwater and waste water can be collected and recycled

Answer 81

1) Better flood warning systems and protection being built E.g. the thames barrier in london 2) In areas that cant afford expensive flood protection, people are building raised flood shelters and building on embankments e.g. Bangaladesh