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Geography > GCSE 1.C - Physical Landscapes in the UK > Flashcards

GCSE 1.C - Physical Landscapes in the UK Flashcards

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1
Q

How are waves formed?

A

Wind blowing over the sea, causing friction to create ripples that form waves

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2
Q

What is fetch and how does it affect the strength of the wave?

A

The distance the wind has to blow over the water, the lnger the fetch the more powerfull the wave

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3
Q

How are tsunamis formed?

A

when earthquakes or volcanic eruptions shake the seabed

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4
Q

What happens when waves reach the coast?

A

the seabed interupts the circular movement of water. As the water becomes shallower, the corcular motion becomes eliptical. This causes the crest of the wave to rise up and eventually collapse on the beach

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5
Q

Constructive waves

A
  • low wave height
  • Far wave crests
  • Gently sloping wave front
  • Spilling forwards ( strong swash, weak backwash )
  • deposit sediment on beach

gentle beach

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6
Q

Destructive waves

A
  • High wave height
  • Close wave crests
  • steep wave front
  • Plunging downwards ( strong backwash, weak swash)
  • removes sediment on beach

steep beach

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7
Q

What are coasts?

A

Where the land meets the sea

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8
Q

Fetch

A

The distance the wind blows over the water

Longer fetch = more powerfull wave

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9
Q

How do waves form

A

Wind blows over the sea
- Wind against water cause friction causing ripples
- The surface water is pushed in the direction of the wind
- a wave is formed!

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10
Q

How are tsunamis formed?

A

when earthquakes or volcanic eruptions shake the seabed

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11
Q

Why dont waves fully form in the sea?

A

There is little horizontal movement of water when in the sea. Only when waves approach the shors is there forward movement of water as waves break up and surge towards the beach.

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12
Q

What is the first stage of a wave breaking?

A

Circular orbit in open water

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13
Q

What is the second stage of a wave breaking?

A

Friction with the seabed as the wave starts to get into shallower water distorts the circular motion

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14
Q

What is the 3rd stage of a wave breaking?

A

The top of the wave moves faster, creating an icreasingly eliptical orbit.

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15
Q

What is the 4th stage of a wave breaking?

A

The wave begins to break

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16
Q

How does the motion of the wave relate to the depth of the seabed?

A

As the water becomes shallower, the circular motion becomes eliptical

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17
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

(physical weathering)

A

The disintegration of rocks.

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18
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

This weathering is caused by chemical changes. rainwater is slightly acidic and slowly dissolves some rocks

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19
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

Weathering due to the actons of flora and fauna. Plant roots grow in cracks in the rocks. Animals such as rabbits burrow into weak rocks such as sands.

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20
Q

D

Describe the process of Freeze-thaw

Mechanical

A
  • Water collects in cracks or pores in the rock.
  • At night the water freezes and expands, making the cracks bigger
  • When the water melts it will seep deeper into theses cracks and repeat this process.
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21
Q

What is Scree?

A

Piles of rock fragments

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22
Q

Describe the process of salt weathering

Mechanical

A

When seawater evaporates it leaves behind salt crystals.
In cracks and holes these salt crystals grow and expand
This puts pressure in the rocks and makes them crack or flake.

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23
Q

Describe the process of carbonation weathering

Chemical

A

Rainwater absorbs CO2 from the air and becomes slightly acidic
Contact with alkaline rocks such as chalk and limestone produces a chemical reaction causing the rocks to slowly dissolve

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24
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downward movement of material under the influence of gravity.

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25
Q

What are the main 3 types of mass movement?

A

Sliding
Slumping
Rock falls

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26
Q

What is the process of sliding?

A

Large blocks of rock slide down a cliff face as a landslide, often triggered by heavy rain fall or earthquakes

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27
Q

What is the process of slumping?

A

Also called slipping, it is the collapse of saturated or weak rocks, often along a curved surface

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28
Q

What is the process of rock falls?

A

Fragments of rock breaking away from a cliff face, often resulting from freeze-thaw weathering, to form scree at the cliff foot.

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29
Q

What is erosion?

A

The removal or material and the shaping of landforms

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30
Q

What are the 3 main processes of erosion?

A

Hydraulic power
Abrasion
Attrition

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31
Q

Describe the process of Hydraulic power

A

The power of the waves as they smash into a cliff. Trapped air is forced into holes and cracks in the rock, eventually causing it to break apart. The explosive force of trappe air operating in a crack is called a cavitation.

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32
Q

Describe the process of abrasion

A

The “wearing away” of cliffs or rocky platforms by rock carried by the sea. Corrasion is the fragments of rock that are hurled at a cliff by the sea.

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33
Q

Describe the process of attrition

A

Rock frgamnets carried by the sea knock against one anothe causing them to become smaller and mroe rounded. It is not responsible for eroding landofrms.

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34
Q

What is coastal transportation?

A

The movement of sediment.

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35
Q

What are the 4 types of coastal transportation

A

Solution
Suspension
Saltation
Traction

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36
Q

Solution

A

The trabnsportation of dissolved chemicals derived from limestone or chalk.

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37
Q

Suspension

A

Particles carried ( suspended)

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38
Q

Saltation

A

A hopping or bouncing motion of particles to heavy to be suspended

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39
Q

traction

A

Large pebbles rolled along the seabed

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40
Q

Why does longshore drift happen?

A

If waves approach the beach, the sediment is solely moved up and down the beach. But if the waves approach at an angle, sediment will be moved along the beach.

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41
Q

Longshore drift

A

the movement of material along a coast by waves which approach at an angle to the shore but recede directly away from it.

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42
Q

Swash

A

Waves carry sediment up the beach

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43
Q

Backwash

A

Sediment carried back down the beach as the wave draws back

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44
Q

Where does Coastal deposition happen?

A

In areas where the flow of water slows down, waes loose energy in sheltered bays and where water is protected by spits or bars.

45
Q

How does coastal deposition happen?

A

Sediment can no longer be moved in sheltered bays and is therfore depositied

This is why beaches are found in bays, where the wave energy is reduced.

46
Q

Where are mudflats and saltmarshed often found?

A

In sheltered estuaries behind spits where there is little flow of water.

47
Q

COASTAL EROSION

Geological structure

A

The arrangement of rocks and features associated with folding and faulting. faults are lines of weakness easilyn carved out by the sea.

48
Q

Folding

A

The crumpling of rock layers cuased by extreme tectonic pressures

49
Q

Gaulting

Faulting

A

The displacement of rock along a crack

50
Q

COASTAL EROSION

Rock type

(lithology)

A

Some rocks are tougher and more resistant than others. For example, rocks such as granite, limestone and chalk are more resistant to erosion than sand and clay

51
Q

How do headlands and bays normally form?

A

When rocks of different strengths are exposed, the weaker parts of the land get eroded and form bays with beahces. The stronger rock bands do not get eroded and because of nmo shelter, do not get deposition or beahces.

52
Q

How do cliffs erode?

Wave cut notches

A

When waves break against a cliff, the erosion will wear the cliff to form a wave- cut notch. This notch will get deeper and deeper through erosion untill the cliff cannot support itself and collapses.

53
Q

Wave-cut platforms

A

Becuase cliffs will slowly retreat through erosion, they ill leave a wave-cut platform.

54
Q

How do caves form?

A

Energy rom waves wears away the rock along a line of weakness on a headland to form a cave.

55
Q

How do arches form?

A

Over time, erosion may lead to two back-to-back caves breaking throuhg to form an arch.

56
Q

How do stack form?

A

From an arch, gradually the arch is enlarged by erosion at the base by weatheing process acting on the roof.

57
Q

What is a floodplain?

A

A floodplain is an area of land which is covered in water when a river bursts its banks.

58
Q

How do floodplains form?

A

Floodplains form due to both erosion and deposition .Erosion removes any interlocking spurs, creating a wide, flat area on either side of the river. During a flood, material being carried by the river is deposited (as the river loses its speed and energy to transport material). Over time, the height of the floodplain increases as material is deposited on either side of the river.

59
Q

Where are floodplains often found?

A

Floodplains are often agricultural land, as the area is very fertile because it’s made up of
alluvium
(deposited silt from a river flood). The floodplain is often a wide, flat area caused by
meanders
shifting along the valley

60
Q

Where do levees occur?

A

Levees occur in the lower course of a river when there is an increase in the volume of water flowing downstream and flooding occurs.

61
Q

How do levees form?

A

Sediment that has been eroded further upstream is transported downstream.When the river floods, the sediment spreads out across the floodplain.When a flood occurs, the river loses energy. The largest material is deposited first on the sides of the river banks and smaller material further away.
After many floods, the sediment builds up to increase the height of the river banks, meaning that the channel can carry more water (a greater discharge) and flooding is less likely to occur in the future.

62
Q

What are river landscapes and sediment load influenced by?

A

Climate - long term rainfall and temp in area
Geology - Type of rocks
Slope processes

63
Q

What are some examples of river landscapes and sediment load being influenced by climate?

A
  1. Wetter climates = Higher discharge = increased rate of erosion = River’s load = more transport of material
  2. More weathering = more freeze thaw = shapes landscape
64
Q

What are some examples of river landscapes and sediment load being influenced by geology?

A
  1. Harder rock = less erosion = lower load
  2. Hardrock on softrock = waterfalls
  3. More resistand rock = Steeper valley sides
65
Q

What is river discharge?

A

Volume of water flowing in a river per second ( Mesured in cumecs )

66
Q

What do hydrographs show?

A

how the discharge at a certain point in a river changes over a time in relation to rainfall

67
Q

What does the rising limb of a hydrograph show?

A

The increase in river discharge as rainwater flows into the river

68
Q

In a Hydrograph, what does the gap between peak rainfall and peak discharge show?

A

Lag time - the delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

69
Q

What does the top of the rainfall graph in a hydrograph show?

A

Peakrainfall

70
Q

What does the top of the discharge line on a hydrograph show?

A

The highest discharge in the period of time you’re looking at

71
Q

What does the falling limb of a hydrograph show?

A

the decrease in river discharge as the river returns to normal level

72
Q

Why does lag time occur in a hydrograph/river

A
  • Most rainwater doesnt land directly in the river channel, it flows quicky overland (surface runoff), or soaks into the ground (infiltration) and then flows slowly undeground to the channel
73
Q

When does flooding occur?

A

when a river’s level rises so much that it spills over its banks

74
Q

What physical and human factors affect flood risk? (5)

A

These shorten the lag time, so peak discharge is higher and flooding is more likely to occur:
Heavy rainfall
Geology ( Rock type )
Prolonged Rainfall
Releif ( changes in land height )
Land use

75
Q

How does heavy rainfall affect risk of flood?

A

This means the water arrives too quickly to infiltrate, so theres a lot of surface runoff, which increases discharge

76
Q

How does geology affect risk of flood?

A

(rock type) Clay soild and some rocks e.g. granite and shale, are impermeable (i.e they dont allow infiltration), so runoff is increased

77
Q

How does Releif affect risk of flood?

A

Releif (changes in and height)
If a river is in a steep-sided valley, water will reach the river channel quicker because it can flow faster down the steep slopes - this rapidly increases discharge

78
Q

How does land use affect risk of flood?

A

1) Buildings are often made of impermeable materials (concrete) and surrounded by roads (tarmac) increasing surface runoff. Man made drains then quickly transport runoff to rivers, increasing drainage
2) Trees intercept rainwater on their leaves, which then evaporates. Trees also take up and store water from the ground. This means that cutting down trees increases the volume of water that enters the river channel

79
Q

What economic factors increase risk of floods?

A

Increased frequency of storms
- Consequence of global climate change
- Storms are also becoming more extreme- more intense rainfall increases scale of floods
- More wet weather means that the ground is more often saturated allowing floods to happen fatsr.

80
Q

What is the increasing risk of flooding in the Uk due to?

A

Storm frequency increasing and changing land use ( Urbanisation and deforestation)

81
Q

What impacts can UK Flooding have?

A
  • Water born diseases, people injured
  • Damage to home and possesions
  • Silt deposition on farmland
  • Pollution of land Via spread sewage water and landfill
  • Erosion of land
82
Q

What is hard engineering? ( Rivers)

A

Man-made structures built to control the flow of rivers and reduce flooding

83
Q

What is soft engineering? ( Rivers)

A

Schemes set up using knowledge of a river and its processes to reduce the effects of flooding

84
Q

What are the 4 examples of River Hard engineering methods?

A

Dams and reservoirs
Channel straightening
Embankments
Flood relief

85
Q

What are the 4 examples of River Soft engineering methods?

A

Flood warnings and preparation
Flood plain zoning
Planting trees
River restoration

86
Q

What are Dams and Resevoirs?

A

Barriers built across rivers, usually in the upper course. Reservoir ( Artificial lake ) is formed behind the dam.

87
Q

What is Channel Straightening?

A

Meanders are removed by building straighter, artificial channels

88
Q

What are embankments?

A

Raised walls are built on embankments.

89
Q

What are flood relief channels?

A

Channels are built to divert around built-up areas or to divert excess water if the river level gets too high.

90
Q

What are flood warnings and preparation?

A

The Environment Agency issues flood warnings through various media (TV,Radio,internet)

91
Q

What is flood plain zoning?

A

Restrictions prevent building on parts of a flood plain that are likely to be affected by flood

92
Q

What is soft engineering of planting trees?

A

Planting trees in the river valley increases the interception of rain water (and lag time)

93
Q

What is soft engineering of River restoration?

A

Making the river more natural. e.g. by removing man made levees, and so that the flood plain can flood naturally.

94
Q

What are the Benefits and disadvantages of Channel straightening?

A

+ Water leaves the area more quickly rather than building up, so the flood risk is lower
- Flooding may happen downstream instead, fast moving water may cause more damage downstream

95
Q

What are the Benefits and disadvantages of Embankments?

A

+ The river can hold more water, so floods are less frequent
- Expensive, and create a risk of severe flooding if the water rises above them or they break.

96
Q

What are the Benefits and disadvantages of Flood warning preparation?

A

+ Gives people time to move possessions upstairs, or evacuate, reducing impact of flood
- No prevention, May not broadcast to everyone or give a false sense of security

97
Q

What are the Benefits and disadvantages of soft engineering by planting trees?

A

+ Discharge and flood risk decrease, protects soil and provides habitats
- Less land is available for farming

98
Q

Where is Oxford situated, why does this make it susceptible to river flooding?

A
  • at the confluence of the river Thames (west) and the tributary river Cherwell (east)
  • The proximity makes it susceptible to flooding during periods of heavy rain
99
Q

What happened in July 2007 Oxford ( rivers ) ?

A

The river discharge increased rapidly causing flash flooding

100
Q

What were the effects of the 2007 floods in Oxford ( rivers ) ?

A
  • Over 250 homes had to be evacuated in the Botley area and the A420 Road had to be evacuated
  • A later flood in Jan 2014 caused trains to be canceled and drains to overflow

= Restricting peoples access to work an services, as well as damaging the local economy by preventing tourists from visiting Oxford’s local historic centre

101
Q

When did planning for flood management scheme in oxford start?

A

2014
The Oxford Flood Alleviation Scheme
Span 5km and include both hard and soft management strategies

102
Q

What did the Oxford Flood Alleviation Scheme entail?

A

Diverting water away from more densely populated areas
- Increasing water storage in the flood plain and in an existing bypass channel southwest of Oxford to slow runoff and decrease peak discharge
400 000 m3 of earth will be dug up to increase capacity

  • Excavated material to create embankments
103
Q

What are the social issues of the Oxford flood management scheme?

A

Compulsory Purchase Orders were sent to landowners to widen flood plains.
Construction may disrupt residents lives - noise pollution - large vehicles blocking roads

104
Q

What are the Economic issues of the Oxford flood management scheme?

A
  • Costs 150 million, and not all funding has been secured yet
104
Q

What are the social benefits of the Oxford flood management scheme?

A
  • Improve public footpaths - more opportunities for recreation
  • Resident confidence that their homes wont flood
105
Q

What are the Economic benefits of the Oxford flood management scheme?

A

Homes and business will be better protected, so there is less expensive damage, reducing insurance costs

106
Q

What are the Environmental issues of the Oxford flood management scheme?

A

Over 2000 trees and 2 hectares of rare grassland will be removes - replanted but long to grow back

107
Q

What are the Environmental benefits of the Oxford flood management scheme?

A

Create over 20 hectares of riverside habitats, increasing biodiversity

Geography (10 decks)

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