GCSE 2.A - Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
Urban areas
citys or towns
What are the 2 main reasons citys grow?
internal growth/Natural increase and Rural-urban migration
Int
Internal growth
where the resident population of the city have children. Wherethe birth rate is higher than the death rate
Rural - Urban migration
where people from the same country or a different country move into the urban areas
What are the faster developing citys usually?
NEEs or LICs
citys with lowest rates are HICs
when did more people live in urban areas than rural?
2007
what are some Migration PUSH factors?
Lack of Employment oppurtunities/ services/ investment/ food production in rural areas
Extreme physical conditions e.g really mountainous , hot
local communtities forced to move
what are some migration PULL factors
better paid jobs, the scenery, higher quality of life, reliable sources of food, better services
W
What is Urbanisation?
The growing percentage of the proportion of the worlds population who live in cities
Statistics on Global Patterns of Urban change
In most of the world’s richer countries over 60% of the Population live in cities
In South east Asia around half the population live in tows and cities
About 50% of africa’s population live in urban areas, Urbanisation in Africa is expected to rise faster than any other continent
The distribution Of the worlds urban Population
The greatest rate of urbanisation is shown in LICs and NEEs
Urbanisation is slowing in HICs where counter-urbanisation is taking place
Why does natural Increase affect the rate of urbanisation?
Natural icnrease occurs when there is a high proportion of young adults ages 18-35. Therefore, more children will be born.The smaller proportion of older poeple means the death rate is lower.Improvements to healthcare, can also result in lower death rate
Natural increase therefore tends to be higher in HICs and in some NEEs
Megacities
Cities with a population of over 10 million
Slow-growing Megacities
Where - East Asia, Europe and North America
Features - Population at 70%+ urban. No squatter settlements
Examples - Osaka-Kobe, Tokyo, Moscow, Los Angeles
Growing Megacities
Where - South america and south east Asia
features - Population 40-50% urban, Under 20% in squatter settlements
Examples - Beijing, Rio, shanghai, Mexico city
Rapid-growing megacities
Where -
Features -
Examples -
Where- South/South east Asia and Farica
Features - Population under 50% urban, Over 30% in squatter settlements
Examples - Jakarta,lagos,Mumbai,Manila
What reasons make Rio’s location important Internationally?
Hosted the 2016 Olympics and the Fifa world cup 2014
Tourism
What reasons make Rio’s location important Nationally?
5% of Brazils GDP produced here.
Headquarters of important companies e.g. petrobas
Major transport hub - 3 airports and 5 ports
Ports very Important for export of iron ore, sugar and coffee
What reasons make Rio’s location important Locally?
Major employment provider:
Port of Rio
Tourism (copacobana)
Service inductries like banking, finance, insurance
Manufacturing Industries e.g. clothing, furnitures and processed foods
Why and how has Rio Grown?
Rio’s population has grown rapidly in the last 50 years. The Population of Rio has tripled since 1950.
Due to Migration and Natural increase
MIGRATION
Why has Rio Grown internationally?
Migration:
Skilled migrants looking for work -
Through other countries in South America e.g. Argentina, Brazil
Through Potugal as it is a former colonial power
Through USA,UK,China and south Korea
MIGRATION
Why has Rio Grown Nationally?
Drought Stricken farmers moving from the North East
Indigenous tribes made homeless by deforestation
NATURAL INCREASE
Why has Rio Grown Locally?
Most people are in their 30s and 20s leading to a high birth rate
What Social oppurtunities has Rio’s urban growth Created?
Access to services - Heath and Education
Access to recourses - water supply and energy
SOCIAL OPPURTUNITIES
Rio’s Health services
- Free healthcare and Better access to Hospitals
- Improvemnt to Healthcare division before the world cup ( 2014) and the Olympic games ( 2016)
- Health cover has increased from 4 per cent to 70 percent fro some people in slum areas
- During covid 19 a high percentage of Rio’s residents were vaccinated compared to other parts of brazil
SOCIAL OPPURTUNITIES
Rio’s Education
- The standard of education is high compared to other parts of Brazil
- Rio has over 1000 primary schools, 400 secondary schoold and 6 Universitys
SOCIAL OPPURTUNITIES
Rio’s Water Supply
- Largest water treatment works in the world
- Around 96% of the city area has safely piped water.
SOCIAL OPPURTUNITIES
Rio’s energy
- 99% of the citys residents ave direct access to electricity
- New HEP plant Simplicito in 2013 - Increased the citys supply of electricity but 30%
What are the Economic Oppurtunities fro growth in Rio?
- High levels of income per head - High demand for services and retail
- Second most Important Industrial centre - Extensive industrial areas and port facilities
- Growing population - skilled migrants and large labor supply
*** Oil offshore **- Oil related industries extracting and processing - Popular tourist destination
How have Industrial areas stimulated Economic growth in Rio?
- Close to ports - Exporting raw materials including coffee, sugar and oil
- Oil refining and shipbuilding employ many local people, providing secure incomes and* stimulating economic development*
- These industries attract investment and encourage supply chain industries to set up in the area, boostin the economy and creating employment oppurtunities**
Squatter settlements
unplanned uses of land by homeless people, they may be improved over time
Favelas
self-built housing on public or private land whcihc initially lacks any proper infrasturucture.
What are the challenges of living in the favelas?
Construction
Services
Unemployment
Crime
Health
LIVING IN FAVELAS CHALLENGES
Construction
- houses were initially constucted as they were built illegally. They are now mostly built from concrete and brick
- heavy rain from storm can cause landslides on steepslopes - in 2010, 224 people were killed and 13000 lost their homes when houses were swept away
- there is limited road access due to the steepness of the sloped
LIVING IN FAVELAS
Unempoyment
- the unemployment rates are as high as 20%
- Much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector
- average income may be less than £75 a month
LIVING IN FAVELAS
Crime
- In many Favelas, there is a high murder rate of 20 per 1000 people
- Drug gangs dominate many favelas
- Many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption
LIVING IN FAVELAS
Services
- In non-improved faveas, around 12% of homes do not have running water, over 30% have no electricity and around 50% have no sewage connections
- Many use illegal connections to electricity pylons
- Sewers are often open drains
- Drinking water often comes from tapping itno city water mains - Located at the bottom of the steep slopes
LIVING IN FAVELAS
Health
- Population densities of 37,000 per km^2
- Infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 1000
- Waste can build up in the street, increasing the danger of disease
- Occasionally fires break out, smoke is harmful to health
RIO
What are the challlenges with managing water supply?
- 12% of the citys population do not have access to clean water
- 1/3 of the water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
- Providing water is difficult as many of the favela residents do not have legal proof of ownership, so the citys water and sewage organisation do not have a duty to supply water to individual houses. Instead, the water is supplied to a central area for residents to access
- Underground Pipes are often accessed illegally to supply individual houses
- Poor maintenence and leakages result in water being cut off, sometimes for several days
RIO
What are the challengres of managing sanitation systems?
- About 35 percent of city’s sewage is transferred into open sewers and dumped into guanabara bay - The citys infrastructure cannot handle the waste
- During rainy season, rainfall can overwhelm the sewers that carrythe waste to treatment plants. About 150 metric tons of industrital waste water may be toxic or contaminated with chemicals - flow into the bay
- In the North zone favela of Pica-pau, most homes lacked piped water and sanitation, In the Rocinha favela, open sewers transfer raw seage into the sea
- Lack of adequate sanitation and piped water can lead to the spread of water borne diseases like cholera
RIO
What are the challenges of managing energy?
- 99% of all homes have acces to electricity
- Infrastructure lacks resilience, with illegal connections and over loading of the system often resulting in power cuts
- the illegal tapping of electricity is common in Favelas - this is dangerous, can lead to fires, and electrocution, as well as blackout
- High demand - New simplicio HEP plant, increasing electricity. by 30%
Heath Provision in Rio Favelas
- free for all residents but not sufficient hospitals and clinics - only 6 hospitals in the city
Education provision in Rio favelas
90% of children can read and write
25% of the poorest children do not attend school regularly - most live in favelas
Rio de pedras Favela has a population of over 50000 and only two public elementary schools
What is the Favela Barrio Project?
a US$1 Billion “slum to neighbourhood” broject that aimed to integrate Rio’s Favelas into the fabric of the city by adressing issues of land ownership, infrastructure and service provision. The scheme involved over 250000 residents in 73 communities.
What could the Favela Barrio Project improve socially?
Daycare and after-school care, enabling adults to seek secure employment
Improving adult literacy to increase employment oppurtunities and incomes
Medicinal services for drug addiction,a;coholism and victims of domestic violence
What could the Favela Barrio Project improve Economically?
Inhabitants can apply to own their properties legally, encouraging them to improve their housing
Access to credit to allow people to buy materials to improve their homes
What could the Favela Barrio Project improve Environmentally?
Replacing wooden building with brick, making them permanent and less likely to be damages by the weather
Removal of houses from dangerous steep slopes
Infrastructure improvements ( water, sanitation and electricity 0
Widening and paving streets to allow access for waste collection and emergency services
How succesful had the Favela Barrio project been?
started in 1995, by 2005 around 100 favelas had been improved
What have been the issues with the favela barrio project?
Training for employment has had limited sucess, as many residents have lacked appropriate literacy skills
Credit schemes where not widely avaliable
Some new infrastuructre improvements were costly and not well maintained
New elevated pavements have caused rainwater to flood homes
Mortality from vector-borne diseases has not improved
Rents have risen in some new improved favelas
