GCSE 2.A - Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

Question

# SOCIAL OPPURTUNITIES Rio's Health services

Answer 1

- Free healthcare and Better access to Hospitals - Improvemnt to Healthcare division before the world cup ( 2014) and the Olympic games ( 2016) - Health cover has increased from 4 per cent to 70 percent fro some people in slum areas - During covid 19 a high percentage of Rio's residents were vaccinated compared to other parts of brazil

Answer 2

- The standard of education is high compared to other parts of Brazil - Rio has over 1000 primary schools, 400 secondary schoold and 6 Universitys

Answer 3

- Largest water treatment works in the world - Around 96% of the city area has safely piped water.

Answer 4

- 99% of the citys residents ave direct access to electricity - New HEP plant Simplicito in 2013 - Increased the citys supply of electricity but 30%

Answer 5

* High levels of income per head - High demand for **services and retail** * Second most Important Industrial centre - **Extensive industrial areas and port facilities** * Growing population - skilled migrants and **large labor supply** *** Oil offshore** - Oil related industries extracting and processing * **Popular tourist destination**

Answer 6

- Close to ports - Exporting raw materials including coffee, sugar and oil - Oil refining and shipbuilding employ many local people, providing *secure incomes* and*stimulating economic development* - These industries attract investment and encourage supply chain industries to set up in the area, boostin the economy and creating employment oppurtunities | e.g. Ternium steelworks, Sepetiba bay - advantage of iron ore deposits

Answer 7

unplanned uses of land by homeless people, they may be improved over time

Answer 8

self-built housing on public or private land whcihc initially lacks any proper infrasturucture.

Answer 9

Construction Services Unemployment Crime Health

Answer 10

- houses were initially constucted as they were built illegally. They are now mostly built from concrete and brick - heavy rain from storm can cause landslides on steepslopes - *in 2010, 224 people were killed and 13000 lost their homes when houses were swept away* - there is limited road access due to the steepness of the sloped

Answer 11

- the unemployment rates are as high as 20% - Much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector - average income may be less than £75 a month

Answer 12

- In many Favelas, there is a high murder rate of 20 per 1000 people - Drug gangs dominate many favelas - Many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption

Answer 13

- In non-improved faveas, *around 12% of homes do not have running water, over 30% have no electricity and around 50% have no sewage connections* - Many use illegal connections to electricity pylons - Sewers are often open drains - Drinking water often comes from tapping itno city water mains - Located at the bottom of the steep slopes

Answer 14

- Population densities of 37,000 per km^2 - Infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 1000 - Waste can build up in the street, increasing the danger of disease - Occasionally fires break out, smoke is harmful to health

Answer 15

- 12% of the citys population do not have access to clean water - 1/3 of the water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access - *Providing water is difficult as many of the favela residents do not have legal proof of ownership, so the citys water and sewage organisation do not have a duty to supply water to individual houses. Instead, the water is supplied to a central area for residents to access* - Underground Pipes are often accessed illegally to supply individual houses - Poor maintenence and leakages result in water being cut off, sometimes for several days

Answer 16

- About 35 percent of city's sewage is transferred into open sewers and dumped into guanabara bay - The citys infrastructure cannot handle the waste - During rainy season, rainfall can overwhelm the sewers that carrythe waste to treatment plants. About 150 metric tons of industrital waste water may be toxic or contaminated with chemicals - flow into the bay - In the North zone favela of Pica-pau, most homes lacked piped water and sanitation, In the Rocinha favela, open sewers transfer raw seage into the sea - Lack of adequate sanitation and piped water can lead to the spread of water borne diseases like cholera

Answer 17

- 99% of all homes have acces to electricity - Infrastructure lacks resilience, with illegal connections and over loading of the system often resulting in power cuts - the illegal tapping of electricity is common in Favelas - this is dangerous, can lead to fires, and electrocution, as well as blackout - High demand - New simplicio HEP plant, increasing electricity. by 30%

Answer 18

- free for all residents but not sufficient hospitals and clinics - only 6 hospitals in the city

Answer 19

90% of children can read and write 25% of the poorest children do not attend school regularly - most live in favelas *Rio de pedras Favela has a population of over 50000 and only two public elementary schools*

Answer 20

a US$1 Billion "slum to neighbourhood" broject that aimed to integrate Rio's Favelas into the fabric of the city by adressing issues of land ownership, infrastructure and service provision. The scheme involved over 250000 residents in 73 communities.

Answer 21

Daycare and after-school care, enabling adults to seek secure employment Improving adult literacy to increase employment oppurtunities and incomes Medicinal services for drug addiction,a;coholism and victims of domestic violence

Answer 22

Inhabitants can apply to own their properties legally, encouraging them to improve their housing Access to credit to allow people to buy materials to improve their homes

Answer 23

Replacing wooden building with brick, making them permanent and less likely to be damages by the weather Removal of houses from dangerous steep slopes Infrastructure improvements ( water, sanitation and electricity 0 Widening and paving streets to allow access for waste collection and emergency services

Answer 24

started in 1995, by 2005 around 100 favelas had been improved

Answer 25

Training for employment has had limited sucess, as many residents have lacked appropriate literacy skills Credit schemes where not widely avaliable Some new infrastuructre improvements were costly and not well maintained New elevated pavements have caused rainwater to flood homes Mortality from vector-borne diseases has not improved Rents have risen in some new improved favelas

Answer 26

A non-governmental organisation called Revolusolar has installed solar panels to provide sustainable energy to 35 families, two shops and one school