GCSE 2.B - The Changing Economic World Flashcards
1
Q
What is Development?
A
The progress/improvement a country has made in terms of economic growth, use of technology, and human welfare. Quality of life improves.
2
Q
What 4 factors affect development?
A
Environmental, Economic, Social and Political
3
Q
What are the 2 main ways to mesure development?
A
GNI and HDI
4
Q
What is GNI?
A
Gross National Income
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, plus extra money earned from, and paid to other countries. GNI per head is this divided by the population of a country
Economic Indicator
5
Q
What is HDI?
A
Human Development Index
- life expectancy at birth
- Number of years of education
- GNI per head
- Value between 0 and 1
Social Mesure
6
Q
What does the demographic transition model show?
A
Changes overtime in the population of a country
- Birth rate
- Death rate
- Overall population
7
Q
What is the gap between birth rate and death rate called?
A
Natural Change
(increase or decrease)
8
Q
What do population pyramids show?
A
The structure (age distribution) of a population.
9
Q
What are the 3 main causes of Uneven development?
A
Physical, historical and Economic causes
10
Q
How does uneven Development impact people?
A
- Disparities in wealth and health
- International migration
11
Q
How can the development gap be reduced?
A
- Investment
- Industrial development and tourism
- Aid
- Using intermediate technology
- Fairtrade
- Debt relief
- Microfinance loans.
12
Q
Regional Importance of nigeria
A
Fast growing economy in Africa - Highest GDP and 3rd largest maufacturing sector
Largest population - of any African country with more than 206 people,
Tropical climate creates highest farm output in Africa. 35% of the Population are employed in agriculture.
Diverse economy - Literacy, financial services, telecommunications and media
13
Q
Global importance of Nigeria
A
Nigeria’s GDP - was $440 billion and GDP pp $2085 in 2021
One of the world’s biggest oil exporters - (Africa’s biggest oil exporter) Supplies 2.2 percent of the world’s oil
Music industry - worth $73 million in 2021
Film industry - “nollywood” is second largest film industry
Politically- 5th Major contributor to UN peecekeeping missions
14
Q
How have Nigeria’s sources of income changed?
A
traditionally - Primary Agricultural products
1950s the discovery of oil in the Niger Delta, led to economic change and a transition from an LIC to an NEE
Oil now accounts for 90% of it export earnings
15
Q
Nigerias current industrial structure
A
- Employment in agriculture declining but 22% of Nigeria’s GDP due to machinery
- 27% of GDP is from the Industrial sector
- Rapid growth Of service sector, 50% of countrys GDP
- growing manufacturing sector
Nigeria’s economy is becoming more balanced with a shift from primary employment to growth in secondary and tertiary industries
16
Q
Why is Nigeria’s economy developing?
A
Growth in manufactoring sector
-> Accounts for 10% of Nigeria’s GDP
Foods, textiles, leather goods, soaps and detergents
This leads to growth economically:
- Regular paid work provides a secure income
- More employment
- Revenue from taxes increase: providing healthcare, education and infrastructure
- Thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment
17
Q
```
How is manufacturing affecting Nigeria’s economic development?
A
- increase in regular paid work - secure income
- Stimulating links between companies
- Employment increase
- Foriegn investment
18
Q
What is a TNC?
A
A TransNational Corporation is a lage company that operates in several countries
19
Q
What do TNCs take advantage of in foreign countries?
A
- Tax incentives
- Laxer ebvironmental laws
- Acess to wider market
- Cheaper labor
20
Q
TNC advantages for Nigeria
A
- Employment and development of new skills
- More money spent in the economy
- Investment
- Local providers benefit
- Valuable export revenues
21
Q
TNC disadvantages for Nigeria
A
- poor pay and work conditions
- Management jobs often go the foreign employees
- Much of the profit goes abroad
22
Q
Nigeria’s Political links
A
Till 1960 it was part of the british empire
Current part of commonwealth and leading member of African Political and economic groups as well as international orgs like the UN
23
Q
Nigeria’s Global trading relationships
A
major global trading nation - major exports are crude, refined petroleum
Growing import of telephones- emergin middle class
24
Q
WHat isa
WHat is a social advantage of shell?
A
Unilever promotes
healthcare, education
and water supply as part
of its social
responsibility
programme
25
What is a social disadvantage of Shell?
Traffic congestion leads
to high levels of exhaust
fumes creating a health
hazard
26
What is an economic advantage of shell?
Shell makes major
contributions in taxes
and exports revenue
27
What is an economic dis-advantage of shell?
Oil theft and sabotage
are big problems in the
region, reducing
production levels and
costing TNCs and the
government billions of pounds
28
WHat is an environmental advantage of Shell?
Unilever tries to use
environmentally friendly
materials such as locally
produced palm oil
29
what is an economic disadvantage of Shell?
Desertification (the
expansion of deserts)
has been made worse
by large-scale dam and
irrigation schemes
30
The global development gap definition
The difference between more and less developed countrys
31
Birth rate
Number of live births per 100 of the population per year. As a country develops it gets lower
32
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
33
Infant mortality rate
Number of babies who die before they are 1 year old, per 100 babies
34
People per doctor
Average number of people for each doctor
35
Literacy rate
the percentage of adults who can read and write.
36
Access to safe water
the percentage of people who can get clean drinking water
37
Life expectancy
the average age a person can live to
38
Why can GNI be misleading?
It is an **average**
For example: the GNI Per Person in Qatar is as high as some HICs, but Qatar has a small number of very wealthy people and alot of relatively poor people.
39
Why can social development indicators be misleading?
**Some social indicator aspects grow before othes **
For example: Cuba has a low birth rate, which suggests it is more developed, but has a high death rate, which suggests it is less developed
40
Examples of HICs
Uk, USA, Canada, France
41
Examples of LICs
Afghanistan, Somalia and Uganda
42
Examples of NEEs
The BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and SA)
MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey)
43
What is a HIC?
The wealthiest countrys in the world, where the GNI per head is high
44
What is an LIC
the poorest countrys in the world, where the GNI per head is very low.
45
What is an NEE?
a country that is rapidly getting richer as their economy moves from being based on the primary industry ( agriculture) to the secondary industry ( manufacturing )
46
Why is HDI a better indicator of development?
it tells you about the economic development and QOL of a country
47
What does the DTM show?
How birth rates and death rates affect population growth
| DEMOGAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
48
What is natural increase?
When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, so the population grows. The opposite is called natural decrease
49
What is shown in stage 1 of a DTM?
Birth rate and death rate are high and fluctuating, there is no population growth and the size is ow and steady.
50
What are some countrys in stage 1 of the DTM model?
No countries, some tribes in brazil
51
What is shown in stage 2 of a DTM?
Birth rate - high and steady
Death rate - Rapidly falling
Pop growth and size - very high and rapidly increasing
52
# 1.
What are some countries in stage 2 of the DTM?
Gambia ( HDI = 0.4 )
53
What is shown in stage 3 of a DTM?
Birth rate - Rapidly falling
Death rate - slowly falling
Pop growth and size - High and increasing
54
What are some countries in stage 3 of the DTM model?
India ( HDI = 0.9 )
55
What is shown in stage 4 of a DTM?
Birth rate - Low fluctuating
Death rate - low and fluctuating
Pop growth and size - zero, high and steady
56
What is a country in stage 4 of the DTM?
UK (HDI = 0.9)
57
What is shown in stage 5 of a DTM?
Birth rate - Slowly falling
Death rate - low and steady
Pop growth and size - negative, slowly fallling
58
What is a country in stage 5 of the DTM?
Japan (HDI = 0.9)
59
Stage 1 of the DTM development description
The least developed - very few places are at stage 1 currently.
**Birth rate is high** due to no use of contraception
People have lots of children because **infant mortality rates are high**
**Death rate is high** due to poor healthcare or famine and life expectancy is low
60
Stage 2 of the DTM development description
Stage 2 is not very developed - Many LICs are in stage 2.
**Birth rate is high** - economy is mainly **primary** (agriculture) , so people have lots of children to work on farms
Better **healthcare increases life expectancy**, so **death rates fall**
61
Stage 3 of the DTM development description
More developed - Most NEEs are in stage 3
Birth rate falls rapidlt as the use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children. The economy changes from primary to secondary, so fewer children are needed to work on farms.
Improved healthcare means that the death rate falls and life expectancy increases
62
Stage 4/5 of the DTM development description
Most developed - most HICs are at this stage
Birth rates are low - people expect a high standard of living, and may have dependant elderly relatives, so there is less money avaliable for having children
Healthcare is good, so death rate is low and life expectancy is high
63
What are the 4 physical factors that can how developed a countrys
1. Poor climate
2. Poor farming land
3. Few raw materials
4. Lots of natural disasters
64
How can poor climate affect how developed a country is?
1. Some countries have a really hot, really cold, or really dry climate where much will not grow. This means not much food can be produced, which can lead to malnutrition. E.g. Chad and Ethiopia. People who are malnourish have a bad quality of life
2. People also have less crops to sell, so they have less money to spend on goods and services. As less is sold and bought, the government gets less money from taxes. So therefore less money to spend on development
65
How can Poor farming land affect how developed a country is?
If the land in a country is steep or has poor soil (or none), then it will be difficult to grow crops or graze animals to produce food. This can have the same effects as a poor climate.
66
How can few raw materials affect how developed a country is?
- Fewer products to export to other countries
- means they make less money, less able to spend on development projects
- Some developing countrieshave alot of raw materials, but cant develop the infrastructure needed to exploit them
| Coal, oil or metal ores
67
How can Lots of natural disaters affect how developed a country is?
- E.g. Bangaladesh often has floods, have to spend alot of money rebuilding after disasters occur
- Reduce the QOL of the people affected, reduce amount of money the gov can spend of development
68
What Economic factors can cause un-even development?
Poor trade links
Lots of debt
An economy based on primary products
69
Why can Poor trade links cause un-even development?
1. World trade patterns (who trades with who) influence a country's economy and so affect its level of development
2. If a country has poor trade links ( trading a small amount with only a few countries) it wont make alot of money.
70
What is trade?
the exchange of goods and services between countries
71
Why can Lots of debt cause un-even development?
very poor countries can borrow money from other countries and international organisations e.g. to help cope with the aftermath of a natural disaster .
This money has to be paid back so there is less money for development
72
Why can an economy based on primary products cause un-even development?
Countries that mostly exportraw materials like timber and metal tend to be less developed than countries that export manufactured goods. This is because primary products are sold for less profit than manufactured goods.
The prices of primary products also fluctuate - also the price falls below cost of production.
73
What is an example of an economy based on primary products that can cause un-even development?
For example, in 2018, the price of cocoa dropped below the cost of production on Ghan, and many farmers had to rely of subsidies from goverment. Wealthy countries can also force down the prices of the raw materials they buy from poorer countries
74
What are the 2 historical causes of Uneven development?
Colonisation
Conflict
75
How can colonisation cause uneven development?
They are often at a lower developmentt level when they gain independance if they had'nt been colonised.
European countries colonised many countries in Aisa, Africa, Australasia and the Americas between the 16th an 20th centuries. They removed raw materials and exploited the coutnrys for self-profit, inhibiting the colonised country
76
How can Conflict cause uneven development
War (especially civil ) can slow reduce developement, even after the war is over
Money is spentduring war - arms, training
People are killed and damage is doen to infrastructure and property. Important services such as healthcare and education are disrupted, which can lead to an increase in infant mortality rates and a decline in literacy.
77
Example of conflict causing uneven development?
In 2008, Syria had an HDI value of 0.65. In 2016, after 5 years of war this had dropped to 0.54
78
What are the 3 main consequences of Unevendevelopement?
Wealth, Health, International migration
79
What are the Wealth consequences of uneven development?
1. People in more developed countries have a higher income than those in less developed onces E.g GNI in the Uk is 40x higher than Chad
2. Unevendevelopment can also cause big inequalities in wealth within countries. E.g In 2017, the richest 10% of Kenya earned 23x more than the poorest 10%
| This can impact standard of living
80
What are the Health consequences of uneven development?
- More healthcare in more developed countries
- People in HICs live longer e.g the Uk's life expectancy is 81, but in chad is only 53
- Infant mortality and death rate is lower e.g. its 73 per births in chad and 3.7 per 1000 in the UK
81
What are the International migration consequences of uneven development?
Many people from Lics and NEEs move to Hic to escape conflict or improve QOL.
For example, over 130,000 people move from mexico (NEE) to the USA (HIC) legally each year in search of better paid jobs and higher QOL. The migrant workers now contribute to the economy of the HIC and not the LICs they leave, which further increases the development gap.
82
How can investment help reduce the development gap?
Foreign direct investment ( FDI ) is when people or companies in one country buy property or invest in infrastructure in another.
FDI leads to better access to finance, technology and expertise as well as improved infrastructure, industry, and increase in services.
83
What is an example of investment help reduce the development gap?
Between 1987 and 2018, Vietnam received FDI worth more than US 182 billion, which helped to develop many industries, such as motorbike manufacturing and telecommunications
84
How can Aid help reduce the development gap?
Money or rescources are given to a country by a charity of foreign government.
they money is used for Dev projects e.g. for constructing schools, building dams and wells providing farming knowledge and equipment
Sometimes Aid is wasted by corrupt governments
85
What is an example of aid reduce the development gap?
in 2018-2019, the Uk provided over 180 million in aid to South Sudan, funding 17 projects that included improving aces to water, healthcare and education
86
What is an example of how Fair trade can help reduce the development gap?
2016 - Fairtrade tea farmers in malawi used some of their premium to help expand their local hospital, build a new school, and install a pipeline for clean water
87
How can fair trade help reduce the development gap?
- Farmers in LICS gettign paid fairly for goods they produce e.g. coffe and bananas, allowing them to provide for their families.
- Companies labelled "fair trade" have to pay producers a ffair price.
- Buyers pay extra ontop of that so farmers receive a premium to help develop their local area
- Sometimes only a tiny bit of the extra money reaches farmers and the rest goes to boosting company profits
88
How can using intermediate technology help reduce the development gap?
This includes tools machines and systems that improve QOL bu are also simple to use, affordablle to buy or build and cheap to maintain.
89
What is an example of how using intermediate technology can help reduce the development gap?
Solar-powered LED light bulbs are used in parts of Nepal where the only other lighting options are polluting or dangerous kerosene or wood fires. This allows people to work, and children to study after hours. As a result, Skills, incomes, and industrial output can increase
90
How can using Micro finance loans help reduce the development gap?
Microfinance is when small leans are given to people in LICs who maynot be able to get loans from banks. This enables them to start their own businesses and become financially indepedant.
This may however also cause problems by encouraging people to get into debt, and its also not clear if it can reduce poverty on a large scale
91
What is an example of how using Microfinance loans can help reduce the development gap?
In the Amhara region of Ethiopia, people who joined a microfinance organisation benefitted form higher incomes and were able to invest in livestock.
92
How can using industrial development help reduce the development gap?
In countryswith very low levels of development, agriculture makes up a large portion of the economy, Developing industry boosts GNI and development, as productivity, skills and infrastructure are improved.
93
How can using Debt releif help reduce the development gap?
This is when some or all of a country's debt is cancelled, or interest rates are lowered, meaning the country can spend more on development
94
What is an example of how using Debt releif can help reduce the development gap?
Zambia had $4 Billion of debt cancelled in 2005. In 2006, the country had enough money to start a free healthcare sceme for millions of people liing in rurual areas.
95
What is the LIC/NEE example of how the growth in tourism helps to reduce the development gap?
Jamaica
96
What is the state of Jamacia's economy?
Economy based in Primary and some secondary ( Bauxite, oil; Sugar and rum). It is classed as an 'upper middle-income country" but has suffered from slow growth, debt and high unemployment over a long period.
97
Where is Jamacia located?
One of the largest islands in the carribean. Pop of 2.9 million, over 1/3 size of London.
98
What are the 5 main ways tourism has contributed to Jamacia's development?
- Economy
- Employment
- Infrastructure
- QOL
- The environment
99
How has tourism contributed to Jamacia's economy **Positively**?
- In 2019 tourism contributed to 35% of Jamacia's GDP - One of the higest proportions in the world and is expected to rise in the future
- Income from tourism is US$2 billion per year and taxes paid furtherly contribute to development.
100
How has tourism contributed to Jamacia's economy **Negatively**?
The increase in tourism from cruises has brought many benefits. However, the annual 1.5 millon (2019) cruise passengers only spend an average of US$70 a day compared with avarage $120 a day from other visitirs
101
What are the political aspects of Nigeria
Nigeria became fully independant form the UK in 1960, however due to bitter power struggles and civil wars ( 1967 - 1970) it is lacking political stability and nigeria is struggling to develop and this has led to widespread corruption
Since 1999 the coutnry has had a stable government, this has allowed countrys to invest in Nigeria e.g south Africa is investing in business and banking
102
What are the social aspects of Nigeria?
Multiethic, multifaith country - 21% Yoruba, 29% Fulani, And 17% Igbo. Religions of commonly christianity, islam and traditional african ones. Social Diversity is considered a strength, bu also a source of conflict
103
What are the cultural aspects of Nigeria?
Music - Fela kuti or afrobeat
Cinema - Nollywood - second largest film industry
Literature - Wole Soyinka and Chimamanda Ngozi
Sport - Won the african nation cup 3 times (football)
104
What are the environmental aspects of Nigeria?
Natural environment is varied in bands across the country. - decreasing rainfalll towards the north in west africa
Pests and disease - Tsetse fly (warm south) Transmits a parasite fatal to livestock
Deforestation - Loosing 14% of its tropical rainforst between 2005 and 2020
Oil industry - damage to Niger delta
105
How does industrial growth affect the environment?
**5000 registered industrial plants and 10000 illegal small - scale industries**
- Kano, Kaduna and Lagos, many harmfull pollutants go directly into open drains and water channels - harm people and damage ecosystems dowstream
- 96% of nigeria's forests have been destroyed through logging, agriculture, urban expansion, roads and industrial development
106
How does Urban growth affect the environment?
Waste disposal is a major issue, The 40ha Oluson landfill site in lagos is one of the largest in the world. It receives up to 10000 tons of rubbish a day and 2.1 million tonnes per year.
Traffic conjestion is major issue - 94% of the population is exposed to air pollution that exceeds WHO guidelines - causing respitory and heart problems
107
How does commercial farming and deforestation affect the environment?
Land degredation, water pollution, soil erosion and silting of river channels. The building of roads and settlements have destroyed habitats and added to CO2 emmisions
108
How does mining and oil extraction affect the environment?
- Tin mining has lead to soil erosion, local water supplies have been polluted with toxic chemicals
- Oil spills in the Niger delta have had disaterous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems. Add to CO2 emmisions due to fires and can cause acid rain, which harms aquatic plants and ecosystems
109
What have been the benefits of economic development in Nigeria?
Better access to safe water and sanitation and better infrastructure
Improved acess to better diet means higher productivity in work
Reliable better paid jobs in Secondary industries
Higher disposable income
Reliable electricity supplies - can work at night
110
How has tourism contributed to Jamacia's employment?
- Main source of employment, providing jobs for 200,000 people
- This provides icome which further helps to boost the local economy as people spend money in shops and on services and recreation. This employment often offers the opportunity to learn new skills which can improve prospect of getting better-paid jobs.
111
How has tourism contributed to Jamacia's Infrastructure?
Tourism has increased investment on the north-coast. Pew port and cruise liner facilities have been built but improvements in some roads and airports are slow
112
How has tourism contributed to Jamacia's QOL?
In the northern tourist areas, wealthy jamacians live in high QOL. However, nearby large numbers of people live with scarce food and a low QOL with low access to healthcare and education
113
How has tourism contributed to Jamacia's environment?
Mass tourism - Footpath erosion, exessive waste and harmful emmisions.
Conservation and landscaping projects provide opportunties and encourage more tourism - Montego bay
114
How is the UK's economy changing?
From manufacturing to services - 83% of the UKs workforce is tertiary or quantenary
115
What are the main 4 industries in the UK?
**Services**- e.g. retail and entertainment retail - 4 million people
**IT**- over 670,000 people work for IT (e.g IBM or Microsoft)
**Finance**- London is home to many global financial institutions e.g HSBC
Research - Using Uni grads in 2016, over 33 billion was spent on R AND D
116
What are the 2 main locations of Science and Business parks?
On the outskirts of cities - Near housing and good transport links e.g motorways and airports
Near Universitys- to collaborate with university researchers and use graduates
117
Why have the number of BnS parks risen?
- Large and growing demand for high-tech products
- They can partner with research universitys
- Clusters of related businesses can boost eachother
| E.g. manchester science park
118
What are the 3 main causes of Economic change in the UK?
De-industrialisation
Globalisation
Government policies
119
How has De-industrialisation caused economic change in the UK?
- Increased automation has decreased primary factor job losses
- As other countrys industrialised, they could produce goods more cheaply than the UK - competition forced UK idnsutrys to close
120
How has Globalisation caused economic change in the UK?
- Manufacutring has moved overseas where labour costs are lower E.g. M and S Manufactures clothes in india and china
- Some TNCs have moves their tertiary and quatenary operations to the UK e.g Apple employs nearly 6500 people in the UK
- Trade is becoming increasingly important
121
How have govenment policies caused economic change in the UK?
- Decisions and investment and support for businesses affect the economy
- Since the 1980s, manufacturing industries have been privitised that lead to major job losses but increased efficiency e.g. steel and ship building
- Deregulation - has encourages entrepreneurs and investors to move to the UK
122
Where is Nigeria located?
Nigeria borders 4 countries: Benin, Chad, Niger and Cameroon in West Africa, just north of the Equator
123
What conflict does Nigeria's location cause?
There are a number of different ethnic groups in Nigeria who have religious differences as some are Christian and others Muslim
The religious conflict in Nigeria has led to the rise of the Boko Haram terror group
124
Why is Nigeria's dependance on oil make it vunerable?
Nigeria's dependence on oil is vulnerable due to world oil prices and the rise in renewable energy technologies
125
# UK Economy
What negative impacts does industry have on the environment?
- Release pollutants / greenhouse gases
- Running them can cost lots of energy and water
- Extracting minerals can destroy habitats and release dangerous chemicals into water course
126
How are modern industrial developments more environmentally sustainable?
Increasing energy and waste disposal costs, stricter regulations and better awareness
127
Example - Modern Industrial Developments becoming more sustainable
**The Unicorn Group** manufactures various products (e.g. bins and floor tiles) In Lisburn, Northern Ireland. Its made its production more sustainable by installing solar panels and biomass boilers in its factory and getting 100% of its energy from renewable sources.
| Also reduced waste by recycling leftover steel and plastic
128
How is the UK improving its roads?
in 2022 the UK Government announced four schemes to improve transport networks and conjestion, totalling 160 million
-> one of these schemes is to build a new road between St Austell and the A30, which would impove transport links to Cornwall and reduce journey times
129
How is the UK improving its railways?
Cross rail will increase central London's capacity by 10% when it opens fully.
The proposed HS2 line linking London, Birmingham, Leeds and Manchester would increase capacity and allow faster journeys between major English cities
130
How is the UK improving its airports?
The UK gov has agreed a new airport is needed in the south east.
-> One proposal is for a 3rd runway at Heathrow airport, which would allow an extra 700 planes a day
| But this would increase noise, air pollution (in area)& greenhouse gases
131
How is the UK improving its ports?
New port - The London Gateway opened at the mouth of the River Thames in 2013.
-> can handle very large container ships
-> Hoped to become a global trade hub
132
How is the UK internationally linked by trade?
Trades Globally
-> Oversea trades are worth over £160 billion per year
-> Significant links to USA, Europe and Asia
133
How is the UK Internationally linked by culture?
Strong creative industries mean that UK culture is exported worldwide - e.g. Shawn the Sheep (A.A) in Brisol is shown in 170 countries
| Immigration has shaped our culture - Diversity
134
How is the UK internationally linked by transport?
The channel tunnel links UK to France - providing a route to mainland europe
Large Airports like Heathrow act as an international hub
135
How is the UK internationally linked by electronic communications?
telephones and the internet make it easier for people in the UK to communicate to people in other countries, strengthening overseas links.
Transatlantic cables linking Europe and the USA are carried via the UK
136
What economic and political links has the UK had?
**The European Union - *****Left in 2020***
-> Goods and people can move freely between EU countries, strengthening links between members
**The Commonwealth**
-> Association of 54 states (mainly the UK and its former colonies)
-> Promotes cooperation between counrties e.g. trade, aid and sport - Commomwealth games 2014
137
What is our example for population decline in the UK?
**South Lakes, Cumbria**
-> Rural county in NW England that includes the Lake District National Park.
-> South Lakes is an Area in this county
138
By how much has South Lakes' population declined and why?
Decreased by 0.8% from 2005 to 2015.
-> Partly due to the decline in jobs - industries mainly revolve around agriculture and manufacturing
139
What economic impacts has the South Lakes' popualtion decline had?
Barrow - Shops such as M&S and Gamestation have closed, whilst others are at risk of closure
-> Affects employment and local ecomony
140
What social impacts has the South Lakes' popualtion decline had?
Younger people have left, leaving a higher proportion of older people, which puts a strain on medical services and social care.
-> Continued decline and ageing population has caused schools and other services to close
141
What is our example for the UK population growth?
**North Somerset**
-> Mainly rural area in SW England
142
By how much has North Somerset's population grown and why?
Increased by about 7.8% between 2005 and 2015
-> People have moved to towns and villages that have easy access to the centre of Bristol
143
What are the economic impacts of North Somerset's population growth?
- - House prices rose by 6.7% in 2017-18, pricing out some locals
- + Employment and wages are above natonal average
144
What are the social impacts of North Somerset's population growth?
- - Roads are conjested with commuters to Bristol and some services (e.g. schools) are oversubscribed.
- - Many people moving to the area are the elderly, which puts stress on healthcare.
145
# UK
How has industrialisation affected the North and South of the UK?
decline of heavy industry has has a higher negative impact in North, whilst growth of the post-industrial service industry has benefitted the South
146
Stats - Wages showing NS divide
Wages are generally lower in the North than the South
-> the 2014 average weekly wage in Huddersfield was 40% lower than in London
147
Stats - Health showing NS divide
Health in generally worse in the North than the South
-> the life expectancy for male babies born in Glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years, but in East Dorset it was 82.9 years.
148
Stats - Education showing NS divide
GCSE results are generally better in the South of England than the Midlands or North
149
What are some exceptions to the NS divide?
Wealthy towns in the north
-> Cheshire
Some high deprivation in South
-> Cornwall
150
What 3 things is the UK government doing to try and resolve the NS divide?
Developing more powers
Creating enterpise zones
The Northern Powerhouse
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What is devolving more powers in the UK?
Scotland, Wales and NI have their own devolved governments, and some powers are being devolved to local councils in England too.
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How does devolving more powers help close the NS divide?
This allows S,W and NI to use money on schemes they feel will best benefit the local community. e.g. Better public transport or regeneration projects to turn disused buildings into modern office space to attract businesses to the area
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How many new enterprize zones have been created across England, Scotland and Wales?
50
-> Enterprize zones encourage businesses to locate in areas of high unemployment, bring jobs wich could aid to close the NS divide
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What benefits do businesses receive if they locate in enterprize zones?
1) Reduced taxes / financial benefits - Business rates are reduced up to 100%
2) Simpler planning rules
3) Improved infrastructure - Gov ensures super-fast broadfast is avaliable
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Example - Enterprize zones
**Sheffield city region enterprize zone**
-> Constructed in 2011
-> Mclaren Composites Technology Centre & Great Yorkshire way
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Mclaren Composites Technology Centre
Car Manufacturures Mclaren worked with researchers from the University of Sheffield to build facilities for developing cutting-edge materials.
| Bringing an estimated **£100 Million** to the local economy
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Great Yorkshire way
A major new road was built to connect the Sheffield city region with Doncaster Sheffield city airport, making it easier for people to travel tot he region
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What is the northern powerhouse?
The government's plan to reduce the **NS inequality** by improving transport links between Northern Cities.
-> Plan includes working to **extend the coverage of superfast broadband** and spending** £70 million on improving schools**
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Why has the Northern Powerhouse plan been criticised?
- Being too conceptual - not clear on how money is being spent
- Focuses on Manchester but ignores smaller towns and cities in the N
