XIV - Endocrine System

Question 1

Adenohypophysis: main cellular part of anterior pituitary

Answer 1

pars distalis

Question 2

Adenohypophysis: contains MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Answer 2

pars intermedia

Question 3

Adenohypophysis: small collar of cells around infundibular stalk, contains portal venules

Answer 3

pars tuberalis

Question 4

Neurohypophysis: main cellular part of posterior pituitary

Answer 4

pars nervosa / infundibular process

Question 5

Neurohypophysis: connects posterior pituitary to brain

Answer 5

infundibular stalk

Question 6

Neurohypophysis: region of nervous tissue above the stalk, forms floor of the 3rd ventricle

Answer 6

median eminence

Question 7

Surgical procedure for a sellar lesion

Answer 7

Transnasal Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy

Question 8

Anterior Pituitary: resting/reserve cells, degranulated acidophils and basophils

Answer 8

chromophobes

Question 9

Anterior Pituitary: GH and prolactin secreting cells

Answer 9

acidophils

Question 10

Anterior Pituitary: TSH, ACTH, LH & FSH secreting cells

Answer 10

basophils

Question 11

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies median eminence & infundibulum

Answer 11

primary capillarties/plexus

Question 12

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: secretes RH & IH

Answer 12

median eminence & infundibulum

Question 13

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies pars tuberalis

Answer 13

portal venules

Question 14

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: transports RH & IH to the pars distalis

Answer 14

portal venules

Question 15

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies pars distalis

Answer 15

secondary capillaries

Question 16

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: site where RH and IH leave the anterior pituitary to go to the systemic blood system

Answer 16

secondary capillaries

Question 17

Most abundant cell in the adenohypophysis

Answer 17

somatotropes

Question 18

Most common functional pituitary tumor

Answer 18

prolactinoma

Question 19

Most common presenting symptom of prolactinoma

Answer 19

amenorrhea

Question 20

Posterior Pituitary: origin of large unmyelinated axons

Answer 20

hypothalamic neurosecretory bodies

Question 21

Posterior Pituitary: secretes ADH

Answer 21

supraoptic bodies

Question 22

Posterior Pituitary: secretes oxytocin

Answer 22

paraventricular bodies

Question 23

Posterior Pituitary: neuroglial cells, supporting framework

Answer 23

pituicytes

Question 24

Posterior Pituitary: dilatations of axon terminals filled with vesicles containing ADH and oxytocin

Answer 24

Herring bodies

Question 25

Vertebral level of adrenal glands

Answer 25

T11

Question 26

Adrenal Cortex: basophils arranged in cords of columnar or pyramidal cells, weakly responsive to ACTH

Answer 26

zona glomerulosa

Question 27

Adrenal Cortex: outermost layer

Answer 27

zona glomerulosa

Question 28

Adrenal Cortex: secretes aldosterone

Answer 28

zona glomerulosa

Question 29

Adrenal Cortex: largest area

Answer 29

zona fasciculata

Question 30

Adrenal Cortex: pale staining cells in cords with foamy appearances due to lipid droplet accumulations (spongicytes)

Answer 30

zona fasciculata

Question 31

Adrenal Cortex: secretes cortisol

Answer 31

zona fasciculata

Question 32

Adrenal Cortex: middle layer

Answer 32

zona fasciculata

Question 33

Adrenal Cortex: eosinophilic cells with large large nuclei arranged in cords, smaller, less spongy than ZF cells

Answer 33

zona reticularis

Question 34

Adrenal Cortex: innermost layer

Answer 34

zona reticularis

Question 35

Adrenal Cortex: secretes weak androgens

Answer 35

zona reticularis

Question 36

Condition caused by excessive production of corticosteroids by the adrenal glands

Answer 36

Cushing's Syndrome

Question 37

Failure of the adrenals to produce sufficient cortisol results to

Answer 37

Addison's Disease

Question 38

Adrenal disorder that presents hypertension

Answer 38

pheochromocytoma

Question 39

Adrenal Medulla: embryonal origin

Answer 39

neuroectoderm (neural crest cells)

Question 40

Adrenal Medulla: weakly basophilic columnar cells which are modified post-ganglionic neurons that have lost their dendrites and axons

Answer 40

chromaffin cells

Question 41

Adrenal Medulla: Secretion

Answer 41

epinephrine > norepinephrine

Question 42

Adrenal Medulla: Disorder

Answer 42

Pheochromocytoma

Question 43

Most common location of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma is an area near the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery to the aortic bifurcation

Answer 43

organ of Zuckerkandl

Question 44

Drug used during the pre-operative management of pheochromocytoma

Answer 44

Phenoxybenzamine

Question 45

Drug used during surgery of pheochromocytoma

Answer 45

Phentolamine

Question 46

Insulinoma Triad

Answer 46

fasting hypoglycemia, severely low blood glucose concentration during symptomatic periods, relief of symptoms after glucose administration

Question 47

Most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the pancreas

Answer 47

Pancreas Divisum

Question 48

Most common type of pancreatic carcinoma

Answer 48

ductal adenocarcinoma

Question 49

Most frequently altered oncogene in pancreatic cancer

Answer 49

K-Ras

Question 50

Most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer

Answer 50

P16 gene

Question 51

Pancreas: endocrine structure

Answer 51

islets of Langerhans

Question 52

Pancreas: exocrine structure

Answer 52

pancreatic acini

Question 53

Pancreas: light-staining, large forming spherical clusters, direct contact with blood

Answer 53

islets of Langerhans

Question 54

Pancreas: secretes glucagon

Answer 54

alpha cells

Question 55

Pancreas: secretes insulin

Answer 55

beta cells

Question 56

Pancreas: secretes somatostatin

Answer 56

delta cells

Question 57

Pancreas: dark-staining, small, berry-like clusters, pyramidal, drained by ducts into the duodenum

Answer 57

pancreatic acini

Question 58

Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes

Answer 58

pancreatic acini

Question 59

Most common location of pancreatic CA

Answer 59

pancreatic head

Question 60

Occasional 5th artery supplying the thyroid, branch of the aorta

Answer 60

Thyroidea ima

Question 61

Most common symptom of goiter

Answer 61

pressure sensation in the neck

Question 62

Structural and functional units of the thyroid

Answer 62

follicles

Question 63

Thyroid Follicle Epithelium: Inactive

Answer 63

simple squamous-cuboidal

Question 64

Thyroid Follicle Epithelium: Active

Answer 64

tall columnar

Question 65

Secretory product of thyroid follicular cells, extracellular storage

Answer 65

colloid

Question 66

Main component of thyroid colloid

Answer 66

thyroglobulin

Question 67

Produce thyroglobulin

Answer 67

follicular cells (thyroid epithelial cells)

Question 68

Produce calcitonin, scattered along the basal membrane, not in contact with thyroid follicles

Answer 68

parafollicular cells

Question 69

Diffuse thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells with scalloping of margins

Answer 69

Graves' Disease

Question 70

The nuclei of the thyroid cells impart an optically clear or empty appearance or ground glass appearance

Answer 70

Papillary CA

Question 71

Parathyroid Glands: produce PTH, small, polygonal, dark-staining, contain lakes of glycogen giving them a water clear appearance

Answer 71

chief cells

Question 72

Parathyroid Glands: unknown function, large, light-staining, fewer in number, presents at puberty

Answer 72

oxyphil cells

Question 73

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 73

parathyroid adenoma

Question 74

Most common cause of secondary hyperthyroidism

Answer 74

renal failure

Question 75

Most common cause of symptomatic hypercalcemia

Answer 75

malignancy

Question 76

Hallmark of hypocalcemia

Answer 76

tetany

Question 77

Calcified structures commonly seen in the pineal gland

Answer 77

corpora arenacea