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Histology > XIV - Endocrine System > Flashcards

XIV - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Adenohypophysis: main cellular part of anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis: contains MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

A

pars intermedia

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3
Q

Adenohypophysis: small collar of cells around infundibular stalk, contains portal venules

A

pars tuberalis

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4
Q

Neurohypophysis: main cellular part of posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa / infundibular process

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5
Q

Neurohypophysis: connects posterior pituitary to brain

A

infundibular stalk

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6
Q

Neurohypophysis: region of nervous tissue above the stalk, forms floor of the 3rd ventricle

A

median eminence

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7
Q

Surgical procedure for a sellar lesion

A

Transnasal Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary: resting/reserve cells, degranulated acidophils and basophils

A

chromophobes

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary: GH and prolactin secreting cells

A

acidophils

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary: TSH, ACTH, LH & FSH secreting cells

A

basophils

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11
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies median eminence & infundibulum

A

primary capillarties/plexus

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12
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: secretes RH & IH

A

median eminence & infundibulum

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13
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies pars tuberalis

A

portal venules

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14
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: transports RH & IH to the pars distalis

A

portal venules

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15
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies pars distalis

A

secondary capillaries

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16
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: site where RH and IH leave the anterior pituitary to go to the systemic blood system

A

secondary capillaries

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17
Q

Most abundant cell in the adenohypophysis

A

somatotropes

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18
Q

Most common functional pituitary tumor

A

prolactinoma

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19
Q

Most common presenting symptom of prolactinoma

A

amenorrhea

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20
Q

Posterior Pituitary: origin of large unmyelinated axons

A

hypothalamic neurosecretory bodies

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21
Q

Posterior Pituitary: secretes ADH

A

supraoptic bodies

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22
Q

Posterior Pituitary: secretes oxytocin

A

paraventricular bodies

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23
Q

Posterior Pituitary: neuroglial cells, supporting framework

A

pituicytes

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24
Q

Posterior Pituitary: dilatations of axon terminals filled with vesicles containing ADH and oxytocin

A

Herring bodies

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25
Q

Vertebral level of adrenal glands

A

T11

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26
Q

Adrenal Cortex: basophils arranged in cords of columnar or pyramidal cells, weakly responsive to ACTH

A

zona glomerulosa

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27
Q

Adrenal Cortex: outermost layer

A

zona glomerulosa

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28
Q

Adrenal Cortex: secretes aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

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29
Q

Adrenal Cortex: largest area

A

zona fasciculata

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30
Q

Adrenal Cortex: pale staining cells in cords with foamy appearances due to lipid droplet accumulations (spongicytes)

A

zona fasciculata

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31
Q

Adrenal Cortex: secretes cortisol

A

zona fasciculata

32
Q

Adrenal Cortex: middle layer

A

zona fasciculata

33
Q

Adrenal Cortex: eosinophilic cells with large large nuclei arranged in cords, smaller, less spongy than ZF cells

A

zona reticularis

34
Q

Adrenal Cortex: innermost layer

A

zona reticularis

35
Q

Adrenal Cortex: secretes weak androgens

A

zona reticularis

36
Q

Condition caused by excessive production of corticosteroids by the adrenal glands

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

37
Q

Failure of the adrenals to produce sufficient cortisol results to

A

Addison’s Disease

38
Q

Adrenal disorder that presents hypertension

A

pheochromocytoma

39
Q

Adrenal Medulla: embryonal origin

A

neuroectoderm (neural crest cells)

40
Q

Adrenal Medulla: weakly basophilic columnar cells which are modified post-ganglionic neurons that have lost their dendrites and axons

A

chromaffin cells

41
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Secretion

A

epinephrine > norepinephrine

42
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Disorder

A

Pheochromocytoma

43
Q

Most common location of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma is an area near the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery to the aortic bifurcation

A

organ of Zuckerkandl

44
Q

Drug used during the pre-operative management of pheochromocytoma

A

Phenoxybenzamine

45
Q

Drug used during surgery of pheochromocytoma

A

Phentolamine

46
Q

Insulinoma Triad

A

fasting hypoglycemia, severely low blood glucose concentration during symptomatic periods, relief of symptoms after glucose administration

47
Q

Most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the pancreas

A

Pancreas Divisum

48
Q

Most common type of pancreatic carcinoma

A

ductal adenocarcinoma

49
Q

Most frequently altered oncogene in pancreatic cancer

A

K-Ras

50
Q

Most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer

A

P16 gene

51
Q

Pancreas: endocrine structure

A

islets of Langerhans

52
Q

Pancreas: exocrine structure

A

pancreatic acini

53
Q

Pancreas: light-staining, large forming spherical clusters, direct contact with blood

A

islets of Langerhans

54
Q

Pancreas: secretes glucagon

A

alpha cells

55
Q

Pancreas: secretes insulin

A

beta cells

56
Q

Pancreas: secretes somatostatin

A

delta cells

57
Q

Pancreas: dark-staining, small, berry-like clusters, pyramidal, drained by ducts into the duodenum

A

pancreatic acini

58
Q

Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes

A

pancreatic acini

59
Q

Most common location of pancreatic CA

A

pancreatic head

60
Q

Occasional 5th artery supplying the thyroid, branch of the aorta

A

Thyroidea ima

61
Q

Most common symptom of goiter

A

pressure sensation in the neck

62
Q

Structural and functional units of the thyroid

A

follicles

63
Q

Thyroid Follicle Epithelium: Inactive

A

simple squamous-cuboidal

64
Q

Thyroid Follicle Epithelium: Active

A

tall columnar

65
Q

Secretory product of thyroid follicular cells, extracellular storage

A

colloid

66
Q

Main component of thyroid colloid

A

thyroglobulin

67
Q

Produce thyroglobulin

A

follicular cells (thyroid epithelial cells)

68
Q

Produce calcitonin, scattered along the basal membrane, not in contact with thyroid follicles

A

parafollicular cells

69
Q

Diffuse thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells with scalloping of margins

A

Graves’ Disease

70
Q

The nuclei of the thyroid cells impart an optically clear or empty appearance or ground glass appearance

A

Papillary CA

71
Q

Parathyroid Glands: produce PTH, small, polygonal, dark-staining, contain lakes of glycogen giving them a water clear appearance

A

chief cells

72
Q

Parathyroid Glands: unknown function, large, light-staining, fewer in number, presents at puberty

A

oxyphil cells

73
Q

Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism

A

parathyroid adenoma

74
Q

Most common cause of secondary hyperthyroidism

A

renal failure

75
Q

Most common cause of symptomatic hypercalcemia

A

malignancy

76
Q

Hallmark of hypocalcemia

A

tetany

77
Q

Calcified structures commonly seen in the pineal gland

A

corpora arenacea

Histology (17 decks)

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