XIV - Endocrine System Flashcards
Adenohypophysis: main cellular part of anterior pituitary
pars distalis
Adenohypophysis: contains MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)
pars intermedia
Adenohypophysis: small collar of cells around infundibular stalk, contains portal venules
pars tuberalis
Neurohypophysis: main cellular part of posterior pituitary
pars nervosa / infundibular process
Neurohypophysis: connects posterior pituitary to brain
infundibular stalk
Neurohypophysis: region of nervous tissue above the stalk, forms floor of the 3rd ventricle
median eminence
Surgical procedure for a sellar lesion
Transnasal Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy
Anterior Pituitary: resting/reserve cells, degranulated acidophils and basophils
chromophobes
Anterior Pituitary: GH and prolactin secreting cells
acidophils
Anterior Pituitary: TSH, ACTH, LH & FSH secreting cells
basophils
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies median eminence & infundibulum
primary capillarties/plexus
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: secretes RH & IH
median eminence & infundibulum
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies pars tuberalis
portal venules
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: transports RH & IH to the pars distalis
portal venules
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: supplies pars distalis
secondary capillaries
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System: site where RH and IH leave the anterior pituitary to go to the systemic blood system
secondary capillaries
Most abundant cell in the adenohypophysis
somatotropes
Most common functional pituitary tumor
prolactinoma
Most common presenting symptom of prolactinoma
amenorrhea
Posterior Pituitary: origin of large unmyelinated axons
hypothalamic neurosecretory bodies
Posterior Pituitary: secretes ADH
supraoptic bodies
Posterior Pituitary: secretes oxytocin
paraventricular bodies
Posterior Pituitary: neuroglial cells, supporting framework
pituicytes
Posterior Pituitary: dilatations of axon terminals filled with vesicles containing ADH and oxytocin
Herring bodies
Vertebral level of adrenal glands
T11
Adrenal Cortex: basophils arranged in cords of columnar or pyramidal cells, weakly responsive to ACTH
zona glomerulosa
Adrenal Cortex: outermost layer
zona glomerulosa
Adrenal Cortex: secretes aldosterone
zona glomerulosa
Adrenal Cortex: largest area
zona fasciculata
Adrenal Cortex: pale staining cells in cords with foamy appearances due to lipid droplet accumulations (spongicytes)
zona fasciculata
Adrenal Cortex: secretes cortisol
zona fasciculata
Adrenal Cortex: middle layer
zona fasciculata
Adrenal Cortex: eosinophilic cells with large large nuclei arranged in cords, smaller, less spongy than ZF cells
zona reticularis
Adrenal Cortex: innermost layer
zona reticularis
Adrenal Cortex: secretes weak androgens
zona reticularis
Condition caused by excessive production of corticosteroids by the adrenal glands
Cushing’s Syndrome
Failure of the adrenals to produce sufficient cortisol results to
Addison’s Disease
Adrenal disorder that presents hypertension
pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Medulla: embryonal origin
neuroectoderm (neural crest cells)
Adrenal Medulla: weakly basophilic columnar cells which are modified post-ganglionic neurons that have lost their dendrites and axons
chromaffin cells
Adrenal Medulla: Secretion
epinephrine > norepinephrine
Adrenal Medulla: Disorder
Pheochromocytoma
Most common location of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma is an area near the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery to the aortic bifurcation
organ of Zuckerkandl
Drug used during the pre-operative management of pheochromocytoma
Phenoxybenzamine
Drug used during surgery of pheochromocytoma
Phentolamine
Insulinoma Triad
fasting hypoglycemia, severely low blood glucose concentration during symptomatic periods, relief of symptoms after glucose administration
Most common clinically significant congenital anomaly of the pancreas
Pancreas Divisum
Most common type of pancreatic carcinoma
ductal adenocarcinoma
Most frequently altered oncogene in pancreatic cancer
K-Ras
Most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic cancer
P16 gene
Pancreas: endocrine structure
islets of Langerhans
Pancreas: exocrine structure
pancreatic acini
Pancreas: light-staining, large forming spherical clusters, direct contact with blood
islets of Langerhans
Pancreas: secretes glucagon
alpha cells
Pancreas: secretes insulin
beta cells
Pancreas: secretes somatostatin
delta cells
Pancreas: dark-staining, small, berry-like clusters, pyramidal, drained by ducts into the duodenum
pancreatic acini
Pancreas: secretes digestive enzymes
pancreatic acini
Most common location of pancreatic CA
pancreatic head
Occasional 5th artery supplying the thyroid, branch of the aorta
Thyroidea ima
Most common symptom of goiter
pressure sensation in the neck
Structural and functional units of the thyroid
follicles
Thyroid Follicle Epithelium: Inactive
simple squamous-cuboidal
Thyroid Follicle Epithelium: Active
tall columnar
Secretory product of thyroid follicular cells, extracellular storage
colloid
Main component of thyroid colloid
thyroglobulin
Produce thyroglobulin
follicular cells (thyroid epithelial cells)
Produce calcitonin, scattered along the basal membrane, not in contact with thyroid follicles
parafollicular cells
Diffuse thyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicular cells with scalloping of margins
Graves’ Disease
The nuclei of the thyroid cells impart an optically clear or empty appearance or ground glass appearance
Papillary CA
Parathyroid Glands: produce PTH, small, polygonal, dark-staining, contain lakes of glycogen giving them a water clear appearance
chief cells
Parathyroid Glands: unknown function, large, light-staining, fewer in number, presents at puberty
oxyphil cells
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenoma
Most common cause of secondary hyperthyroidism
renal failure
Most common cause of symptomatic hypercalcemia
malignancy
Hallmark of hypocalcemia
tetany
Calcified structures commonly seen in the pineal gland
corpora arenacea
