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Histology > XI - Digestive Tract > Flashcards

XI - Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Tongue Papillae: thin, long, “V”-shaped cones, increased keratinization

A

filliform

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2
Q

Tongue Papillae: most abundant, no taste buds, no gustatory function, mechanical

A

filliform

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3
Q

Tongue Papillae: mushroom-shaped, lightly keratinized, interspersed among filliform papillae

A

fungiform

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4
Q

Tongue Papillae: mostly at the apex and sides of the tongue, innervated by the facial nerve

A

fungiform

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5
Q

Tongue Papillae: 8-12 in number, largest, near sulcus terminalis

A

circumvallate

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6
Q

Tongue Papillae: associated with salivary (Von Ebner’s) glands and taste buds, innervated by CN IX

A

circumvallate

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7
Q

Tongue Papillae: ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the roof of the mouth on lateral margins

A

foliate

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8
Q

Tongue Papillae: innervated by facial nerve (anterior papillae) and glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior papillae), rudimentary in humans

A

foliate

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9
Q

Epithelial cells of the tongue

A

stratified squamous

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10
Q

Tongue Innervation: anterior 2/3 - somatic

A

CN V (Trigeminal)

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11
Q

Tongue Innervation: taste

A

CN VII (Facial)

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12
Q

Tongue Innervation: posterior 1/3 - somatic and taste

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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13
Q

Tongue Innervation: motor

A

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

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14
Q

Only muscle of the tongue not innervated by the hypoglossal (XII) nerve

A

palatoglossus (CN X - Vagus)

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15
Q

Parotid Gland: Secretion

A

serous, α-amylase, proline-rich proteins

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16
Q

Parotid Gland: Type

A

branched acinar

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17
Q

Parotid Gland: Innervation

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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18
Q

Submandibular Gland: Secretion

A

serous > mucous, produces 2/3 of saliva, α-amylase, proline-rich proteins, other enzymes

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19
Q

Submandibular Gland: Type

A

branched tubuloacinar with serous demilunes

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20
Q

Submandibular Gland: Innervation

A

CN VII (Facial)

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21
Q

Sublingual Gland: Secretion

A

mucous > serous, mucin, amylase, lysozyme

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22
Q

Sublingual Gland: Type

A

branched tubuloacinar

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23
Q

Sublingual Gland: Innervation

A

CN VII (Facial)

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24
Q

70% of saliva is produced by

A

submandibular gland

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25
Q

Salivary gland associated with circumvallate papillae of the tongue

A

Von Ebner’s

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26
Q

Layer missing in the esophagus

A

serosa

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27
Q

Cells characteristic of Barrett’s Esophagus

A

goblet cells

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28
Q

Partial tear of the esophagus

A

Mallory-Weiss Tear

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29
Q

Full thickness tear of the esophagus, surgical emergency

A

Boerhaave’s Syndrome

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30
Q

Treatment for GERD

A

Nissen’s Fundoplication

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31
Q

Stomach: Lumen

A

folds of rugae

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32
Q

Stomach: Mucosa Epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium, gastric pits or fovea covered with surface mucous cells

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33
Q

Stomach Cardia: Gastric Pits

A

shallow

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34
Q

Stomach Cardia: Lamina Propria

A

cardial glands, secrete abundant mucus

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35
Q

Stomach Fundus-Body: Gastric Pits

A

shallow

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36
Q

Stomach Fundus-Body: Lamina Propria

A

isthmus - parietal cells, neck - mucous cells, base - chief cells and enteroendocrine cells

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37
Q

Stomach Pylorus-Antrum: Gastric Pits

A

very deep

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38
Q

Stomach Pylorus-Antrum: Lamina Propria

A

pyloric glands, secrete abundant mucus

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39
Q

Stomach: Muscularis Mucosa

A

band of smooth muscle

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40
Q

Stomach: Submucosa

A

dense irregular tissue, Meissner’s plexus

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41
Q

Stomach: Muscularis Externa

A

inner oblique, middle circular (most abundant in pylorus), outer longitudinal

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42
Q

Stomach: Serosa

A

continuous with the mesenteries (thin loose CT with mesothelium)

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43
Q

Gastric Glands: gastric pit

A

surface mucous cells

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44
Q

Gastric Glands: isthmus

A

parietal cells

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45
Q

Gastric Glands: neck

A

mucous neck cells, parietal cells

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46
Q

Gastric Glands: base

A

chief cells, enteroendocrine / enterochromaffin / argentaffin / APUD cells

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47
Q

Gastric Glands: mucus

A

mucous neck cells

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48
Q

Gastric Glands: HCl

A

parietal cells

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49
Q

Gastric Glands: pepsinogen

A

chief cells

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50
Q

Gastric Glands: intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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51
Q

Gastric Glands: serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

A

enterochromaffin cells (EC)

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52
Q

Gastric Glands: substance P

A

enterochromaffin cells (EC)

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53
Q

Gastric Glands: somatostatin

A

enterochromaffin cells (D)

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54
Q

Gastric Glands: bicarbonate

A

surface mucous cells

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55
Q

Gastric Glands: gastrin

A

enterochromaffin cells (G)

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56
Q

Gastric Glands: histamine

A

enterochromaffin-like cells

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57
Q

Site where digestive processes are completed and where the products of digestion are absorbed

A

small intestines

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58
Q

Small Intestines: Mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium with villi and goblet cells

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59
Q

Small Intestines: Lamina Propria

A

crypts of Lieberkuhn, Paneth cells

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60
Q

Small Intestines: Submucosa

A

Meissner’s plexus (submucosal)

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61
Q

Small Intestines: Muscularis Externa

A

inner circular layer, Auerbach’s plexus (myenteric), outer longitudinal layer

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62
Q

Duodenum: Mucosa

A

Brunner’s glands

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63
Q

Duodenum: Lamina Propria

A

absent plicae circulares in the first part, (-) Peyer’s patches

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64
Q

Duodenum: Submucosa

A

Brunner’s glands

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65
Q

Jejunum: Lamina Propria

A

poorly developed plicae circulares and villi, (-) Peyer’s patches

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66
Q

Jejunum: Submucosa

A

(-) Brunner’s glands

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67
Q

Ileum: Mucosa

A

M cells

68
Q

Ileum: Lamina Propria

A

plicae circulares, (+) Peyer’s patches (MALT)

69
Q

Ileum: Submucosa

A

(-) Brunner’s glands

70
Q

Diagnostic of duodenum, in the mucosa and submucosa, mucus rich secretion (pH 8.1-9.3), neutralizes chyme entering the duodenum and the pylorus

A

Brunner’s Glands

71
Q

Columnar column cells, apical end has striated brush border, numerous microvilli that greatly increase luminal surface area

A

Enterocytes

72
Q

Enterocytes produce

A

lactate, sucrase, maltase, peptidase, enterokinase

73
Q

Enterocytes absorb

A

carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, calcium, iron

74
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn: high rate of mitosis, replace surface absorptive cells and goblet cells every 3-6 days

A

stem cells

75
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn: secrete lysozyme, phospholipase A, defensins

A

Paneth cells

76
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: small intestines, secretin, promotes pancreatic & biliary bicarbonate & water secretion, inhibits gastric acid secretion & stomach emptying

A

S cells

77
Q

S Cells: Location

A

small intestines

78
Q

S Cells: Hormone

A

secretin

79
Q

Secretin: Promotes

A

pancreatic & biliary bicarbonate & water secretion

80
Q

Secretin: Inhibits

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion & stomach emptying

81
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: small intestines, CCK, promotes pancreatic enzyme secretion & gallbladder contraction, inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

C cells

82
Q

C Cells: Location

A

small intestines

83
Q

C Cells: Hormone

A

Cholecystokinin

84
Q

Cholecystokinin: Promotes

A

pancreatic enzyme secretion & gallbladder contraction

85
Q

Cholecystokinin: Inhibits

A

inhibits gastric acid secretion

86
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: ileum & colon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) - promotes insulin secretion, inhibits gastric acid secretion & sense of hunger, peptide YY - promotes water & electrolyte absorption in large intestine, inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

L cells

87
Q

L Cells: Location

A

ileum & colon

88
Q

L Cells: Hormones

A

glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY

89
Q

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1): Promotes

A

insulin secretion

90
Q

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1): Inhibits

A

gastric acid secretion & sense of hunger

91
Q

Peptide YY: Promotes

A

water & electrolyte absorption in large intestine

92
Q

Peptide YY: Inhibits

A

gastric acid secretion

93
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: duodenum & jejunum, gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP), inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

K cells

94
Q

K Cells: Location

A

duodenum & jejunum

95
Q

K Cells: Hormone

A

gastrin inhibitory peptide (GIP)

96
Q

Gastrin Inhibitory Peptide (GIP): Inhibits

A

gastric acid secretion

97
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: pylorus, duodenum & pancreatic islets, somatostatin, inhibits secretion from other DNES cells nearby

A

D cells

98
Q

D Cells: Location

A

pylorus, duodenum & pancreatic islets

99
Q

D Cells: Hormone

A

somatostatin

100
Q

Somatostatin: Inhibits

A

secretion from other DNES cells nearby

101
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: stomach, small intestines & large intestines, serotonin & substance P, promotes gut motility

A

EC cells

102
Q

EC Cells: Location

A

stomach, small intestines & large intestines

103
Q

EC Cells: Hormones

A

serotonin & substance P

104
Q

Serotonin: Promotes

A

gut motility

105
Q

Substance P: Promotes

A

gut motility

106
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: small intestines, motilin, promotes gut motility

A

M cells

107
Q

M Cells: Location

A

small intestines

108
Q

M Cells: Hormone

A

motilin

109
Q

Motilin: Promotes

A

gut motility

110
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells: ileum, neurotensin, inhibits gastric acid secretion

A

N cells

111
Q

N Cells: Location

A

ileum

112
Q

N Cells: Hormone

A

neurotensin

113
Q

Neurotensin: Inhibits

A

gastric acid secretion

114
Q

Intestines: large valvular flaps protruding into the lumen, circular folds on mucosa and submucosa

A

valves of Kerkring, plicae circulares, valvulae conniventes

115
Q

Intestines: finger-like projections of the mucosa

A

villi

116
Q

Intestines: microscopic cellular protrusion on the apex of cells

A

brush border (microvilli)

117
Q

80% of bile is absorbed in

A

terminal ileum

118
Q

Colon: smooth, no plicae circulares or intestinal villi except in the rectum, crypts of Lieberkuhn, numerous goblet cells, MALT

A

mucosa

119
Q

Colon: fatty layer

A

submucosa

120
Q

Colon: Muscularis Externa

A

inner circular, outer longitudinal in 3 separate longitudinal bands (taenia coli)

121
Q

Colon: forms small pouches of fatty tissue (appendices epiploicae)

A

serosa

122
Q

Thickened wall due to lymphoid follicles, few crypts, no villi, no taenia coli

A

appendix

123
Q

Most common cause of appendicitis in adults

A

fecalith obstruction

124
Q

Most common cause of appendicitis in chicken

A

lymphoid hyperplasia

125
Q

Anal Canal: Length

A

3-4 cm

126
Q

Rectoanal Junction Epithelium

A

simple columnar → stratified squamous

127
Q

Anal Canal: Longitudinal folds of mucosa and submucosa

A

anal columns

128
Q

Anal Canal: inner circular layer of muscle

A

internal anal sphincter

129
Q

Anal Canal: voluntary sphincter

A

external anal sphincter

130
Q

Mixed exocrine and endocrine gland producing both digestive enzymes and hormones, retroperitoneal

A

pancreas

131
Q

Amount of alkaline pancreatic juice secreted into the duodenum per day

A

1.5 L/day

132
Q

Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach

A

bicarbonate

133
Q

Establishes pH for optimal activity of pancreatic enzymes: proteases, α-amylase, lipases, nucleases

A

bicarbonate

134
Q

The exocrine pancreas is regulated mainly by

A

CCK, secretin

135
Q

Largest percentage of liver that can be safely resected without causing liver failure

A

80%

136
Q

The liver is divided into 8 anatomic segments based on

A

hepatic venous drainage

137
Q

75% of blood flow to the liver is provided by

A

portal vein

138
Q

Pain in hepatitis and other inflammatory liver disease is caused by

A

stretching of Glisson’s capsule

139
Q

Surrounded by a thin capsule that extends into the parenchyma dividing it into lobules

A

liver

140
Q

Secretion of bile, synthesis and endocrine secretion into blood of major plasma proteins (albumin), conversion of AA into glucose, detoxification and conjugation of toxins and drugs

A

liver

141
Q

AA deamination producing urea, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, vitamin A and other fat soluble vitamins, removal of effete erythrocytes, storage of iron in complexes with ferritin

A

liver

142
Q

Functional unit of the liver

A

liver lobule

143
Q

Liver Lobule: Structure

A

hexagonal with central vein, surrounded by 3-6 portal triads (venule, arteriole, bile ductule)

144
Q

Portal Triad

A

venule, arteriole, bile ductule

145
Q

Filled with cords of hepatic parenchymal cells, hepatocytes which radiate from the central vein and are separated by vascular sinusoids

A

liver lobule

146
Q

Liver: vascular spaces lined by fenestrated endothelial cells, sparse basal lamina and reticular fibers, Kuppfer cells

A

sinusoids

147
Q

Liver: space between the endothelium and the cord filled with plasma, Ito cells

A

space of Disse / perisinusoidal space

148
Q

Tiny passage formed between hepatocytes

A

bile canaliculi

149
Q

Liver: principal parenchymal cells, large, polyhedral, large centrally located nucleus, extensive reticular fibers holding cells together

A

hepatocytes

150
Q

Liver: sinusoids, liver macrophages

A

Kuppfer cells

151
Q

Liver: perisinusoidal space of Disse, stores vitamin A

A

Ito cells / stellate cells / lipocytes

152
Q

Liver Acinus 1: Location

A

periportal - around portal triad

153
Q

Liver Acinus 1: Blood Flow

A

abundant oxygen and nutrients

154
Q

Liver Acinus 1: Necrosis

A

liver pathology, eclampsia/pre-eclampsia

155
Q

Liver Acinus 2: Location

A

mid-zone

156
Q

Liver Acinus 2: Blood Flow

A

intermediate

157
Q

Liver Acinus 2: Necrosis

A

yellow fever

158
Q

Liver Acinus 3: Location

A

centrilobular - around central vein

159
Q

Liver Acinus 3: Blood Flow

A

low oxygen and nutrients

160
Q

Liver Acinus 3: Necrosis

A

ischemic injury, R-sided heart failure

161
Q

Biliary epithelium

A

tall columnar cells with microvilli except terminal ducts (cuboidal)

162
Q

The gallbladder does not have

A

muscularis mucosae

163
Q

Pockets in the gallbladder mucosa into the muscularis layer

A

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus

164
Q

Most common type of gallbladder CA

A

adenocarcinoma

165
Q

Seen in 95% of patients with gallbladder adenoCA

A

gallstones

166
Q

Most common area where biliary-enteric fistula occurs

A

duodenum

167
Q

Ascending bacterial infection that causes partial or complete obstruction of the bile duct

A

Ascending Cholangitis

Histology (17 decks)

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