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► Biology (NEET) > XII: Chapter 3- Human reproduction > Flashcards

XII: Chapter 3- Human reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

How many testicular lobules are present in each testis?

A

250

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2
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are present in each testicular lobule?

A

1 to 3

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3
Q

What lines the inside of the seminiferous tubules in humans?

A

Male germ cells and sertoli cells

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4
Q

Male germ cells in humans are called

A

Spermatogonia

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5
Q

Name the ducts of reproductive system of human males in order from seminiferous tubules to ejaculatory duct.

A

Seminiferous tubules -> Rete testis -> vasa efferentia -> epididymis -> vas diferens -> ejaculatory duct

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6
Q

Secretions of which glands help in lubrication of penis?

A

Bulbourethral gland

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7
Q

What is the length of a human ovary?

A

2 to 4 cm

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8
Q

Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium. True/false?

A

True

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9
Q

Name the female accessory ducts.

A

Oviducts, uterus and vagina

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10
Q

The uterus is pear shaped. True/false?

A

False. The uterus is inverted pear shaped.

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11
Q

How is the uterus (in human females) attached to the pelvic wall?

A

Through ligaments

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12
Q

Name the layers of uterine wall.

A

Outer perimetrium
Middle myometrium
Inner endometrium

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13
Q

The cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair in the reproductive system of human females is called

A

Mons pubis

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14
Q

What are the fleshy folds which extend down from mons pubis and surround the vagina called?

A

Labia majora

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15
Q

How many mammary lobes are present in each mammary gland?

A

15-20

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16
Q

The alveoli of mammary glands open into

A

Mammary tubules

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17
Q

Mammary duct in mammary gland is formed by

A

All the mammary tubules of each lobe

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18
Q

What do the mammary ducts of mammary gland join and form?

A

Mammary ampulla

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19
Q

Secondary spermatocytes in males undergo equational division to form

A

Spermatids

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20
Q

What is the process of transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa called?

A

Spermiogenesis

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21
Q

What is spermiation?

A

It is the process of release of spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubule.

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22
Q

Luteinising hormone in males acts on which cells? What are these cells stimulated to do?

A

LH acts on Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens.

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23
Q

Which process do the androgens in male regulate?

A

Spermatogenesis

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24
Q

FSH in males acts on which cells? What are these cells stimulated to do?

A

FSH acts on sertoli cells and stimulates the secretion of factors which help in spermiogenesis

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25
Q

How many sperms are produced by human males during coitus?

A

200 to 300 million sperms

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26
Q

For normal fertility, what percentage of total sperms released by males during coitus must have normal shape and size?

A

60%

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27
Q

For normal fertility, what percentage of total sperms released by males during coitus must show vigorous motility?

A

40%

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28
Q

Secretions of which ducts are important for maturation and motility of sperms in humans?

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostrate

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29
Q

How many oogonia are formed in each fetal ovary?

A

Couple of million

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30
Q

At which stage are the primary oocyte (in human females) arrested?

A

Diplotene stage of Prophase I

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31
Q

How many primary follicles are left in each ovary at birth?

A

60,000- 80,000

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32
Q

Which oocyte does a secondary follicle have?

A

Primary oocyte

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33
Q

Antrum is present in which follicle in a human female?

A

Tertiary follicle

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34
Q

Inside which follicle does the primary oocyte in females complete its first meiotic division?

A

tertiary follicle

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35
Q

How many blastomeres does the morula have?

A

8 to 16

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36
Q

WHat forms chorionic villi?

A

Trophoblast layer of blastocyst

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37
Q

The levels of cortisol and thyroxine are high during preganancy. True/false?

A

True

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38
Q

Foetus develops forelimbs by which month of pregnancy?

A

Second month

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39
Q

By which month of pregnancy do the eyelids separate?

A

6th month

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40
Q

By which month of pregnancy is the body covered with fine hair?

A

6th month

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41
Q

What is nidation?

A

Implantation (of blastocyst)

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42
Q

In which month of pregnancy do the testis of foetus descend into scrotum?

A

7th month

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43
Q

Where are testis formed in humans?

A

Abdominal cavity

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44
Q

How do the testis descend from abdominal cavity into scrotum?

A

Through inguinal canal

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45
Q

What connects the lower end of testis to scrotal wall?

A

Gubernaculum

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46
Q

Are both testis in males present on the same level?

A

No, left testis is lower than right testis.

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47
Q

What carries blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and vas deferens inside inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord

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48
Q

Name the muscle present in scrotum?

A

Dartos and cremaster muscle

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49
Q

How do the dartos and cremaster muscles maintain the temperature of scrotum in winter?

A

Dartos- contracts and causes wrinkling of scrotal skin

Cremaster- Contracts and pulls scrotum towards abdomen

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50
Q

Where is testis located in elephants?

A

Inside abdominal cavity

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51
Q

Where is testis located in whales?

A

Inside abdominal cavity

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52
Q

What is the outermost double layer peritonium called in testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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53
Q

What is the white fibrous connective tissue surrounding the testis called?

A

Tunica albuginea

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54
Q

Testicular septa are formed by

A

Invaginations of tunica albuginea

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55
Q

What is the innermost, highly vascular layer that surrounds the testicular lobules in testis called?

A

Testicular vasculosa

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56
Q

What is the straight part of seminiferous tubules called?

A

Tubuli recti

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57
Q

The structure formed by the fusion of tubuli recti is called

A

Rete testis

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58
Q

How many vasa efferentia are present in a testis?

A

12-15

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59
Q

Where do sperms mature?

A

Cauda epididymis

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60
Q

Intra-testicular duct system in humans includes?

A

Tubuli recti
Rete testis
Vasa efferentia

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61
Q

What is the failure of descent of testis into scrotum called?

A

Cryptorchidism

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62
Q

Monorchidism is observed in which animal?

A

Ascaris

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63
Q

Which is the most coiled part of epididymis?

A

Caput epididymis

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64
Q

How long does the epididymis store sperms?

A

from one to two weeks upto one months

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65
Q

What is the function of stereocilia in epididymis?

A

Absorption of fluid in caput

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66
Q

What does the epididymis in humans develop from?

A

Mesonephric/wolffian duct

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67
Q

What does the seminal vesicle in humans develop from?

A

Mesonephric/wolffian duct

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68
Q

Fibrinogen is present in which male reproductive gland’s secretions?

A

Seminal vesicles

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69
Q

Can semen clot?

A

Yes

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70
Q

Are citrate ions present in semen?

A

Yes

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71
Q

Where are cowper’s glands located?

A

In the membranous urethra

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72
Q

Where do the cowper’s glands open?

A

In the penile urethra

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73
Q

Pre-ejaculatory fluid in males is formed by

A

Cowper’s glands

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74
Q

Which glands are present on the prepuce of the penis?

A

Tyson’s glands

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75
Q

What is the function of tyson’s glands?

A

Lubricated glans penis with their secretions

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76
Q

What is the secretion of tyson’s gland called?

A

Smegma

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77
Q

What signals the erection of penis?

A

Nitric oxide

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78
Q

Which somatic nervous system controls the erection of penis?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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79
Q

Which somatic nervous system controls ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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80
Q

What percent of secretions in semen are of prostate gland?

A

20-30%

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81
Q

What is the quantity of semen ejected per intercourse?

A

2-3 ml

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82
Q

Male germ cells in testis are formed from

A

Mesoderm of yolk sac

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83
Q

WHen do the male germ cells migrate into gonads in humans?

A

5th week of pregnancy

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84
Q

When do the gonads differentiate into testis and ovary in foetus?

A

8th week of pregnancy

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85
Q

Sustentacular cells in testis are also called

A

Sertoli cells

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86
Q

What type of epithelium is germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules?

A

Columnar epithelium

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87
Q

Which cells phagocitise dead sperms?

A

Sertoli cells

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88
Q

What protects the sperms from body’s immune system?

A

Sertoli cell barrier (blood testis barrier)

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89
Q

Which hormones are secreted by sertoli cells?

A

Androgen binding protein
Inhibin
Mullerian inhibitory/ anti mullerian hormone

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90
Q

Which hormone concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules?

A

Androgen binding protein

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91
Q

What is the function of inhibin secreted by sertoli cells?

A

Inhibits FSH

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92
Q

What is the function of mullerian inhibitory hormone?

A

It inhibits mullerian duct in embryonic life

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93
Q

When does the luminal part of seminiferous tubule form?

A

At puberty

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94
Q

What are the phases of spermatogenesis?

A

Multiplication phase
Growth phase
Maturation phase
Spermiogenesis

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95
Q

What happens in the multiplication phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Mitosis of spermatogonia

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96
Q

What happens in the maturation phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Meiosis of primary spermatocytes leading to the formation of spermatids

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97
Q

How many days does it take on average to form mature sperms?

A

74 days

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98
Q

Are sperms of all animals flagellated?

A

Yes (exception- Ascaris)

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99
Q

Which is the smallest part of a sperm?

A

Neck

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100
Q

Which part of sperm contains sperm lysins?

A

Acrosome

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101
Q

What type of sperm lysin is present in sperms?

A

Hyaluronidase

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102
Q

What is the difference between the proteins found in normal human cell when compared to sperm?

A

Sperm has no histone proteins but other cells do.

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103
Q

How many centrioles are present in a sperm?

A

2

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104
Q

What is the function of proximal centriole in sperms?

A

Role in first cleavage

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105
Q

What is the function of distal centriole in sperms?

A

Forms basal body for axoneme

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106
Q

How many mitochondria are present in sperms?

A

20-25

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107
Q

How are mitochondria arranged in a sperm?

A

They are spirally arranged around axoneme

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108
Q

What is the arrangement of microtubules found in flagella of sperms?

A

9+2

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109
Q

WHat is the sheath of middle piece of sperm called?

A

Manchette

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110
Q

What is andropause?

A

Reduced secretion of testosterone in aging males (50+)

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111
Q

What is aspermia?

A

Semen is not produced

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112
Q

What is azospermia?

A

Semen does not contain sperms

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113
Q

What is oligospermia?

A

Sperm count below 15-20 million sperm per milliliter (mL)

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114
Q

What is inguinal hermia?

A

Passage of dislocated intestine though inguinal canal

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115
Q

Name the female reproductive glands?

A

Mammary glands, bartholian gland, skene gland

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116
Q

What attaches ovary to uterus?

A

Ovarian ligament

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117
Q

What attaches ovary to body wall?

A

Mesovarium

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118
Q

What kind of tissue is the stroma of ovary?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

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119
Q

IN which portion of stroma of ovary are the different follicles present?

A

Cortex

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120
Q

What are salpinges?

A

Fallopian tube

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121
Q

Which is the widest and longest part of fallopian tube?

A

Ampulla

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122
Q

Which is the smallest part of fallopian tube?

A

Interstitium/intramural part

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123
Q

What is the length of fallopian tube?

A

10-12 cm

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124
Q

What is the fallopian tube called in non mammalian vertebrates?

A

Oviduct

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125
Q

What are the non ciliated cells present in fallopian tube called?

A

Peg cells

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126
Q

What is the function of peg cells of fallopian tube?

A

Secrete tubular fluid to nourish sperms/eggs/zygote

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127
Q

Is the uterus situated in front of the rectum or behind?

A

Behind

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128
Q

Is the uterus situated in front of the urinary bladder or behind?

A

Front

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129
Q

How is the uterus positioned in humans?

A

Anteverted

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130
Q

Do humans have simplex uterus?

A

Yes

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131
Q

How many sphincters are present in the cervix?

A

Internal os, external os

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132
Q

Which is the strongest and most powerful sphinctre of the body?

A

External os of cervix of females

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133
Q

Which muscles are present in the myometrium of uterus?

A

Circular, longitudinal and oblique

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134
Q

What tissues is the endometrium made of?

A

Columnar epithelium

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135
Q

What are the two layers of endometrium of uterus?

A

Stratum basalis

Stratum functionalis

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136
Q

What type of blood vessels are present in stratum basalis of endometrium of uterus?

A

Straight blood vessels

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137
Q

What type of blood vessels are present in stratum functionalis of endometrium of uterus?

A

Tortuous blood vessels

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138
Q

How does progesterone change tubular glands of endometrium of uterus?

A

Makes the corckscrew shaped

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139
Q

What secretes uterine milk in humans?

A

Corkscrew shaped tubular glands present in stratum functionalis of endometrium of uterus

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140
Q

What nourishes the young embryo prior to implantation in humans?

A

Uterine milk

141
Q

Which layer of endometrium sheds during menstruation?

A

Stratum functionalis

142
Q

Name the layers of decidua.

A

Decidua peritalis
Decidua placentalis/basalis
Decidua capsularis

143
Q

Which layer of decidua has no connection with embryo?

A

Decidua parietalis

144
Q

Which layer of decidua contributes to placenta formation?

A

Decidua placentalis

145
Q

Which layer of decidua surround embryo from all sides till 26 weeks of pregnancy?

A

Decidua capsularis

146
Q

Name the glands present in vagina.

A

None

147
Q

Which bacteria form the natural mincroflora of vagina?

A

Lactobacillus

148
Q

What are the transverse mucosal fold of vagina called?

A

Vaginal rugae

149
Q

How many openings does the vestibule of vagina have?

A

Urethral and vaginal opening

150
Q

What forms the prepuce in human females

A

Anterior tip of labia minora, cover the clitoris

151
Q

Where is the clitoris present in females?

A

At the anterior tip of labia minora

152
Q

What is fourchette?

A

Fold of skin formed at posterior junction of labia minora

153
Q

Where are bartholin glands located in females?

A

One on each side of vaginal orifice

154
Q

What are the functions of secretions of bartholin glands?

A

Lubricate vagina, reduce acidity

155
Q

Which glands are located around urethral opening in females?

A

Glands of skene

156
Q

Labia majora in females is homologous to which organ of males?

A

Scrotum

157
Q

Labia minora in females is homologous to which organ of males?

A

Penile urethra

158
Q

Clitoris in females is homologous to which organ of males?

A

Penis

159
Q

Bartholin gland in females is homologous to which organ of males?

A

Cowper’s glands

160
Q

Glands of skeme in females is homologous to which organ of males?

A

Prostrate gland

161
Q

Mammary glands are modified

A

sweat glands

162
Q

Which ligaments suspends mammary glands?

A

Cooper’s ligaments

163
Q

What is the function of areolar glands on breasts?

A

Keep the nipple moist

164
Q

Areolar glands around areola on mammary glands are modified

A

Sebaceous glands

165
Q

Which hormone leads to the development of breasts in human females?

A

Estrogen

166
Q

Which hormone stimulates the proliferation of milk alveoli in breasts?

A

Progesterone

167
Q

Which hormone is known as the milk let down hormone?

A

Oxytocin

168
Q

Which hormone leads to the production of milk during pregnancy?

A

Human placental lactogen

169
Q

In which month of pregnancy does oogenesis start?

A

2nd month

170
Q

What is the primary oocyte surrounded by in primordial follicle in ovary?

A

One layer of squamous stromal cells

171
Q

What is the primary oocyte surrounded by in primary follicle in ovary?

A

One layer of cuboidal stromal cells

172
Q

WHat is the primary oocyte surrounded by in secondary follicle in ovary?

A

Multiple layers of granulosa cell which get surrounded by theca

173
Q

How many eggs develop into secondary follicles in humans?

A

450

174
Q

What is the zona pellucida in tertiary follicle made of ?

A

Glycoproteins

175
Q

What secretes the zona pellucida in tertiary follicle?

A

Secondary oocyte

176
Q

WHat is the fluid inside antrum in tertiary follicle called

A

Liquor follicula

177
Q

What is the theca externa of secondary oocyte made of?

A

Fibrous layer

178
Q

Which layer of theca of secondary oocyte has LH receptors?

A

Theca interna

179
Q

What is the function of aromatase enzyme on theca interna?

A

Causes conversion of androgen to estrogen

180
Q

What divides the granulosa cells of graafian follicle in two clusters of cells? What are these clusters called?

A

Antrum

1) cumulus oophorus- surrounds the secondary oocyte
2) Membrane granulosa

181
Q

What is germ hill in graafian follicle?

A

Granulosa cells which connect secondary oocyte with wall of follicle

182
Q

What is corona radiata of graafian follicle?

A

Innermost layer of cumulus oophorous surrounding the zona pellucida

183
Q

What are released from graafian follicle during ovulation?

A

Secondary oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata

184
Q

What is the structure left after rupture of graafian follicle and ovulation called?

A

Corpora haemorrhagicum

185
Q

What is the difference between corpus albicans and corpus luteum?

A

Corpus luteum- yellow and glandular

Corpus albicans- white and non glandular

186
Q

In which stage does the secondary oocyte get arrested?

A

Metaphase II

187
Q

What are the different phases of oogensis and what do the entail?

A

Multiplication phase- formation of primary oocyte from oogonia
Growth phase- primary oocyte arrested
Maturation phase- meiosis I and II of primary oocyte

188
Q

How long does the multiplication phase of oogenesis last?

A

5 months

189
Q

How many primary oocytes turn into secondary oocytes every month?

A

1

190
Q

Which cells release androgens in females?

A

Theca interna cells of secondary oocyte

191
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the uterine changes in menstruation cycle

A

Estrogen and progesterone

192
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the ovarian chagnes in menstrual cycle?

A

FSH and LH

193
Q

Can menstrual blood clot?

A

No.

194
Q

On which day of menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

day 14th

195
Q

On which day of menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum begin to degenerate?

A

25th day

196
Q

Around which day of menstrual cycle does estrogen peak occur?

A

Day 12 to 14

197
Q

Around which day of menstrual cycle does progesterone peak occur?

A

Day 21

198
Q

What are the phases of estrous cycle?

A

Pro extrous phase
Estrous phase
Metaextrous phase
Diestrous phase

199
Q

In which phase does ovulation occur in estrous cycle?

A

Estrous phase

200
Q

In which phase of estrous cycle is corpus luteum formed?

A

Meta-estrous phase

201
Q

In which phase of estrous cycle is progesterone secreted?

A

Diestrous phase

202
Q

What is the quiescent stage between two estrous cycles called?

A

Anestrum

203
Q

Does bleeding occur in estrous phase?

A

No

204
Q

What is the seasonal testicular acitivity in males of some species called?

A

Rut cycle

205
Q

What constitutes the egg in animals?

A

Oocyte+ egg membrane

206
Q

How many types of egg membrane can an egg (of animals) have?

A

Primary egg membrane
Secondary egg membrane
Tertiary egg membrane

207
Q

What secreted the primary egg membrane around the egg in animals?

A

Oocyte/ovum

208
Q

What is the primary egg membrane in humans?

A

Zona pellucida

209
Q

What is the primary egg membrane of frogs?

A

Vitelline membrane

210
Q

What secretes the secondary egg membrane of animal eggs?

A

Ovary

211
Q

What is the secondary egg membrane of human eggs called?

A

Corona radiata

212
Q

What is the tertiary egg membrane of animal eggs secreted by?

A

Oviduct/uterus

213
Q

What is the tertiary egg membrane of frog’s egg called?

A

Jelly coat

214
Q

Which type of egg is a human egg on the bases of amount of yolk?

A

Alecithal

215
Q

What type eggs do marsupials have on the basis of amount of yolk?

A

Microlecithal

216
Q

What type of eggs do amphibians have on the basis of amount of yolk?

A

Mesolecithal

217
Q

What type of eggs do reptiles and birds have on the basis of amount of yolk?

A

Megalecithal

218
Q

What are isolecithal eggs?

A

The very little amount of yolk present is uniformly distributed throughout the ooplasm

219
Q

In what type of eggs is isolecithal condition observed?

A

Alecithal and microlecithal eggs

220
Q

What type of eggs do insects have on the basis of amount of yolk?

A

Megalecithal

221
Q

What type eggs have heterolecithal distribution of yolk?

A

Mesolecithal and megalecithal eggs

222
Q

What type of eggs are found in amphibians on the basis of distribution of yolk?

A

Telolecithal

223
Q

What type of eggs are found in reptiles and birds on the basis of distribution of yolk?

A

Discoidal

224
Q

What type of eggs are found in prototherians on the basis of amount of yolk?

A

Megalecithal

225
Q

What type of eggs are found in prototherians on the basis of distribution of yolk in eggs?

A

Discoidal

226
Q

What type of eggs are found in insects on the basis of distribution of yolk in eggs?

A

Centrolecithal

227
Q

What are eggs which have shells called?

A

Cleidoic eggs

228
Q

Which is the largest cell of human body?

A

Egg

229
Q

What is germinal vesicle?

A

The enlarged nucleus of egg of humans

230
Q

What do the cortical granules of human egg contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes and mucopolysaccharides

231
Q

Which is the animal pole of human egg?

A

Part of egg from where polar body extrudes out

232
Q

Perivitelline space in egg is present between

A

Zona pellucida and oocyte

233
Q

What is the ground substance of corona radiata?

A

Hyaluronic acid

234
Q

How long does the human sperm’s viability last?

A

24 to 48 hours

235
Q

How long does the human egg’s viability last?

A

48 to 72 hours

236
Q

How long does capacitation of sperm take?

A

6 to 7 hours

237
Q

How does the destabilization of plasma membrane of sperm take place?

A

By rearrangement of glycoproteins and dissolution of cholesterol

238
Q

What is the speed of a hypermotile sperm?

A

4 to 5 mm/min

239
Q

What type of movement does the flagella of a hypermotile sperm perform?

A

Whiplash movement

240
Q

Which chemical propels sperm towards uterine cavity?

A

Prostaglandins

241
Q

Which is the acidic protein present on sperm’s membrane- anti fertilin or fertilin?

A

Antifertilin

242
Q

Which is the glycoprotein on egg’s surface- antifertilin or fertilin?

A

Fertilin

243
Q

When does acrosome reaction occur?

A

When sperm binds to ZP3 receptor on zona pellucida

244
Q

What causes the exocytosis of sperm lysins from acrosome in acrosomal reaction?

A

Calcium

245
Q

Which enzymes dissolves hyaluronic acid?

A

Hyaluronidase enzyme

246
Q

Which enzyme digests corona radiata of egg?

A

Corona pentrating enzyme

247
Q

Which enzyme digests zona pellucida of egg?

A

Acrosin/ zonalysin

248
Q

How does fast block to polyspermy occur in egg?

A

By opening of Na+ channels leading to rapid depolarisation of oolema

249
Q

What causes the exocytosis of cortical granules from eggs into perivitelline space?

A

Calcium ions

250
Q

How thick is the fertilization membrane?

A

900 Å

251
Q

What leads to slow block to polyspermy in human egg?

A

Cortical and zona reaction

252
Q

Zona reaction happens in human egg due to?

A

Absorption of water

253
Q

Which part of sperm enters the the zona pellucida of egg during fertilization?

A

Whole sperm enters but middle piece and tail degenrates

254
Q

How does sperm make it possible for meiosis II of secondary oocyte to be completed?

A

Sperm destroys metaphase promoting factor (MPF) of egg and turns on anaphase promoting factor (APF)

255
Q

What happens in amphimixis step of syngamy of sperm and egg?

A

Chromosomal membrane dissolves and chromosome of sperm and egg mix

256
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of first eight weeks of pregnancy after fertilisation

257
Q

How long does the first cleavage in zygote in humans take?

A

30 hours

258
Q

How long does the second cleavage in zygote in humans take after fertilization?

A

40 hours

259
Q

What are the phases of interphase in cleavage of zygote in humans?

A

Only S-phase, G1 and G2 phase are absent

260
Q

What is nucleocytoplasmic ratio?

A

It is a ratio of the size of the nucleus of a cell to the size of the cytoplasm of that cell. (N:C)

261
Q

When does the third cleavage take place in human zygote after fertilisation?

A

72 hours

262
Q

What type of cleavage is the first cleavage in human zygote?

A

Meridional

263
Q

What type of cleavage is the second cleavage in human zygote?

A

Meridional at right angle to the first cleavage

264
Q

What type of cleavage is the third cleavage in human zygote?

A

Equatorial

265
Q

What kind of cleavage do humans show?

A

Holoblastic rotational and indeterminate cleavage

266
Q

What is indeterminate cleavage?

A

Fate of blastomeres is decided after 8-celled stage (morula)

267
Q

On which axis does the meridional cleavage take place?

A

On the longitudinal axis from animal pole to vegetal pole

268
Q

Holoblastic cleavage takes place in which type of eggs (on the basis of amount of yolk)?

A

Alecithal, microlecithal, mesolecithal

269
Q

Meroblastic cleavage takes place in which type of eggs (on the basis of amount of yolk)?

A

Megalecithal

270
Q

Discoidal meroblastic cleavage is found in which animals?

A

Birds, reptiles

271
Q

Superficial meroblastic cleavage is found in which animals?

A

Insects

272
Q

What is bilateral cleavage of zygote?

A

Only meridional cleavage takes place

273
Q

What type ofcleavage occurs in cephalopods?

A

Bilateral cleavage

274
Q

WHat type of cleavage occurs in protostomes?

A

Spiral cleavage

275
Q

What type of cleavage occurs in deuterostomes?

A

Radial cleavage

276
Q

What makes rotational cleavage different from other types of cleavage?

A

It has a transient 3-celled stage

277
Q

Where is the morula present?

A

Fallopian tube

278
Q

What is the difference between the zona pellucida of morula and blastocyst?

A

Morula-Zona pellucida intact

Blastocyst- zona pellucida ruptures during maturation

279
Q

At which cell stage does uterine milk seep into blastocyst?

A

32 cell stage

280
Q

How does the blastocoel form in blastocyst?

A

By seeping in of uterine milk

281
Q

At which cell stage does the blastocyst hatch?

A

64 to 128

282
Q

Why does the zona pellucida rupture in blastocyst?

A

Due to trophoblastic enzymes

283
Q

How many days from fertilization does it take for implantation of blastocyst?

A

7 days

284
Q

Which layer of embryo prevents immature implantation of embryo? What can its immature rupturing cause

A

Zona pellucida

Ectopic pregnancy

285
Q

Name the layers the trophoblast of blastocyst is divided into.

A

Cytotrophoblast

Syncitiotrophoblast

286
Q

WHat is cytotrophobast of blastocyst?

A

Inner cellular layer of trophoblast

287
Q

What is syncytiotrophoblast of blastocyst?

A

Outer multinucleated layer

288
Q

What do the chorionic villi of blastocyst connect with to form placenta?

A

Decidual crypts

289
Q

Which layer of blastocyst secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin?

A

Trophoblast

290
Q

What is the role of hCG in pregnancy?

A

Acts like LH and maintains corpus luteum for first trimester of pregnancy

291
Q

Which hormone is known as pregnancy hormone

A

Progesterone

292
Q

What is coeloblastula?

A

Hollow blastula

293
Q

What is stereoblastula?

A

Solid blastula

294
Q

What does the hypoblast layer of blastocyst form?

A

Embryonic endoderm

295
Q

Which layers of blastula form the chorion?

A

Cytotrophoblast + extra embryonic mesoderm

296
Q

What form amnion in blastula?

A

Extraembryonic mesoderm +epiblast/ectoderm

297
Q

What prevents human embryo from desiccation?

A

Amnion

298
Q

What form yolk sac in human embryo?

A

Extra-embryonic mesoderm + endoderm/hypoblast

299
Q

What is the function of yolk sac in humans?

A

Haemopoietic

Forms male and female germ cells

300
Q

What form alantois?

A

Extra-embryonic mesoderm + endoderm (hypoblast)

301
Q

What is known as urinary bladder of embryo of birds and reptiles?

A

Allantois

302
Q

What is the function of allantois in human embryo?

A

Forms umbilical cord blood vessels and wharton’s jelly

303
Q

Where does the primitive streak appear in blastula?

A

On dorsal surface of epiblast

304
Q

What is the function of primitive streak in blastula?

A

Decides embryonal axis and bilateral symmetry

305
Q

Which layers is the source of all germ layers in blastula?

A

Epiblast

306
Q

Which layer of blastula has prospective mesodermal and endodermal cells?

A

Epiblast

307
Q

Which cells get incorporated with hypoblast to form endoderm?

A

Prospective endodermal cells of epiblast

308
Q

What does the primitive node turn into in embryo?

A

Hensen’s node

309
Q

What does the hensen’s node of embryo have?

A

Prospective mesodermal cells

310
Q

What do the prospective mesodermal cells of embryo form?

A

Notochord

311
Q

Which is the first organ formed in an embryo?

A

Heart

312
Q

Which is the first organ system formed in emryo?

A

Nervous system

313
Q

What is the ectodermal region which forms nervous system called?

A

Neural plate

314
Q

What forms the central nervous system in embryo?

A

Neural tube

315
Q

What forms the peripheral nervous system in embryo?

A

Neural crest

316
Q

What are the six possible maternal and fetal barriers of placenta?

A

Maternal endothelium, connective tissue, ectoderm

Fetal endothelium, connective tissue, ectoderm

317
Q

What is epitheliochorial placenta?

A

Placenta in which all 6 maternal and fetal barriers are present

318
Q

What is syndesmochorial placenta?

A

Placenta in which 5 barriers are present, maternal epithelium is broken

319
Q

What in endothelialchorial placenta?

A

Placenta in which 4 barriers are present, maternal epithelium and maternal connective tissue are lost

320
Q

WHat is hemochorial placenta?

A

Placenta in which only fetal barriers are present, maternal blood bathes fetal chorion

321
Q

What is hemoendothelial placenta?

A

Placenta in which only one barrier- fetal endothelium is present

322
Q

Which type of placenta on the basis of number of placental barriers is found in humans?

A

Hemochorial placenta

323
Q

Which type of placenta on the basis of number of placental barriers is found in horse?

A

Epitheliochorial placenta

324
Q

Does allantois form placenta in humans?

A

No, human placenta has chorion only

325
Q

What is non deciduate placenta?

A

Only fetal part of placenta is delivered

326
Q

What is deciduate placenta?

A

Both fetal and maternal part of placenta are delivered

327
Q

What is central decidual placenta?

A

Both fetal and maternal part of placenta are not delivered

328
Q

What is diffused placenta?

A

Chorionic villi are uniform in distribution

329
Q

What is cotyledonary placenta?

A

Chorionic villi form clusters

330
Q

What is intermediate placenta?

A

Both diffused and cotyledonary type

331
Q

What is meta discoidal placenta?

A

Chorionic villi were diffused initially, later form clusters

332
Q

What is discoidal placenta?

A

Chorionic villi arranged in disc shape

333
Q

What is embryo called after 8 weeks?

A

Foetus

334
Q

In which month does the foetus have the maximum growth rate?

A

4th month

335
Q

What effect does smoking have on foetus of pregnant mother?

A

Cleft lip and cleft plate

336
Q

What gives the first stimulus for parturition? What is the stimulus?

A

Fetus

Prostaglandin F

337
Q

What gives the second stimulus for parturition? What is the stimulus?

A

Placenta

human Chorionic corticotrophin (hCATCH)

338
Q

What are the three stages of parturition?

A

Dilation stage
Expulsion (of fetus) stage
Shedding of the placenta

339
Q

What part of fetus comes out first during parturition?

A

Head

340
Q

What causes the shift of placental ventilation to pulmonary ventilation in infant?

A

Nitric oxide

341
Q

How does placenta provide immunity to fetus?

A

Via IgG antibodies

342
Q

What is the function of human chorionic thyrotrophin?

A

Stimulates maternal thyroid gland to increase thyroid hormone release

343
Q

What is human chorionic somatomammotropin also known as?

A

Human placental lactogen

344
Q

When is the peak of relaxin hormone from time of fertilization?

A

14th week and time of delivery

345
Q

Which vessels are present in the umbilical cord?

A

2 arteries and 1 vein

346
Q

Which blood does the umbilical artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood

347
Q

Which blood does the umbilical vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood

348
Q

Is the blood in umbilical vessels fetal or maternal?

A

Fetal

► Biology (NEET) (39 decks)

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