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► Biology (NEET) > XI: Chapter 2- Biological Classification > Flashcards

XI: Chapter 2- Biological Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the earliest to give a scientific bases for classification?

A

Aritotle

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2
Q

Aristotle’s classification was based on

A

morphological characters

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3
Q

Aristotle divided plants into

A

trees, shrubs and herbs

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4
Q

Aristotle divided animals into

A

Animals with red blood- enaima

Animals without red blood- anaima

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5
Q

Two Kindgom classification was given by

A

C. Linnaeus

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6
Q

Three kingdom classification was given by

A

Ernst Haeckel

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7
Q

Four kingdom classification was given by

A

Copeland

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8
Q

Five kindgom classification was given by

A

R.H. Whittaker

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9
Q

Six kingdom classification was given by

A

Carl Woese

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10
Q

Five kingdom classification was given in the year

A

1969

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11
Q

What criterion of classification were used by R.H. Whittaker in his five kingdom classification?

A

1) Cell structure
2) body organization
3) Mode of nutrition
4) Mode of reproduction
5) Phylogenetic relationships

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12
Q

What is the main basis of classification in five kingdom classification?

A

Nutrition

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13
Q

Holophytic nutrition is found in

A

Plants

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14
Q

Holozoic nutrition is found in

A

Animals

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15
Q

Which group (kingdom) shows the most extensive metabolic diversity?

A

Bacteria (Monera)

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16
Q

What type of nutrition is found in majority of the bacteria?

A

Heterotropic

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17
Q

Which bacteria oxidise various inorganic compounds to nitrates, nitrites and ammonia for ATP production?

A

Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria

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18
Q

Which microbes play a great role in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur?

A

Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria

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19
Q

Thick walled, non motile spores released under unfavourable conditions by cyanobacteria are called

A

Akinetes

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20
Q

Thin walled, non motile spores released under unfavourable conditions are called?

A

Aplanospores

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21
Q

Motile asexual spores released by cyanobacteria like Nostoc

A

Hormogonia

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22
Q

Which carbohydrate polymer is found in both monerans and animals?

A

Glycogen

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23
Q

Which kingdom forms a link between fungi, plants and animals?

A

Protista

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24
Q

What does the process of sexual reproduction in protists involve?

A

Cell fusion and zygote formation

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25
Q

In which environments are chrysophytes found?

A

Freshwater and marine

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26
Q

Which are the chief producers of the oceans?

A

Diatoms

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27
Q

Where are the two flagella of dinoflagellates located?

A

One lies longitudinally and other lies transversally in the furrow between the wall plates

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28
Q

In which environments are dinoflagellates found?

A

Marine

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29
Q

What is the body of euglenoids coverd with?

A

Pellicle (no cell wall)

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30
Q

In which environments are euglenoids found?

A

Freshwater- stagnant water

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31
Q

During favourable conditions, slime moulds form

A

An aggregation called plasmodium

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32
Q

What is the plant like characteristic of spores of slime moulds?

A

True cell wall

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33
Q

How are the spores of slime moulds dispersed?

A

By air currents.

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34
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of protozoans?

A

Heterotrophic

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35
Q

Which organisms are believed to be primitive relatives of animals?

A

Protozoans

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36
Q

In which habitats are amoeboid protozoans found?

A

fresh water, sea water or moist soil

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37
Q

Which compound is present on the shells of marine protozoans?

A

Silica

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38
Q

Name the asexual spores found in fungi.

A

Conidia, sporangiospore and zoospores

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39
Q

Name the sexual spores found in fungi

A

Oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.

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40
Q

What is the basis of classification of fungi?

A

Morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies

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41
Q

Which class of fungi are found in aquatic habitats?

A

Phycomycetes

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42
Q

Which class of fungi has aseptate and coenocytic mycelium?

A

Phycomycetes

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43
Q

Name the endogenous spores of phycomycetes.

A

Zoospores and aplanospores

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44
Q

Which fungi is known as bread mould?

A

Rhizopus (phycomycete)

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45
Q

Parasite of mustard

A

Albugo (Phycomycete)

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46
Q

Sac fungi are known as

A

Ascomycetes

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47
Q

Are conidia produced exogenously or endogenously?

A

Exogenously

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48
Q

Are ascospores produced exogenously or endogenously?

A

Endogenously

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49
Q

Ascospores are produced in

A

Asci of ascocarps

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50
Q

Claviceps belongs to the class

A

Ascomycetes

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51
Q

Neurospora belongs to class

A

Ascomycetes

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52
Q

Morels and truffels belong to class

A

Ascomycetes

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53
Q

Aspergillus belongs to class

A

Ascomycetes

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54
Q

Bracket fungi belong to class

A

Basidiomycetes

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55
Q

In which class of fungi are asexual spores not found?

A

Basidiomycetes

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56
Q

Sex organs are absent in which class of Fungi?

A

Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes

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57
Q

How does plasmogamy occur in Basidiomycetes?

A

By fusion of vegetative cells of two different strains

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58
Q

How many basidiospores are produced as a result of karyogamy and meiosis in basidium?

A

4

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59
Q

Are basidiospores produced exogenously or endogenously on the basidium?

A

Exogenously

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60
Q

Once of perfect stages are discovered in deuteromycetes they are moved to which classes?

A

Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes

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61
Q

How do deuteromycetes reproduce?

A

Conidia

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62
Q

What is the main role of deuteromycetes?

A

As decomposers of litter and in mineral cycling

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63
Q

Alternaria belongs to which class of fungi?

A

Deuteromycetes

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64
Q

Trichoderma belongs to which class of fungi?

A

Deuteromycetes

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65
Q

Colletotrichum belongs to which class of fungi?

A

Deuteromycetes

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66
Q

What does ‘virus’ mean?

A

Venom or poison

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67
Q

Who gave the term virus?

A

Pasteur

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68
Q

Who recognised the microbes infecting tobacco in mosaic disease of tobacco?

A

DJ Ivanowski

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69
Q

Who called viruses ‘contagium vivium fluidum’ ?

A

M.W. Beijernek

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70
Q

Who demonstrated that the extract of the tobacco plant infected with mosaic disease could infect other healthy plants?

A

Beijernek

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71
Q

Who crystallised viruses?

A

Stanley

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72
Q

Can a virus have both DNA and RNA?

A

No

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73
Q

What is the genetic material of plant infecting viruses?

A

Single stranded RNA

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74
Q

What is the genetic material of animal infecting viruses?

A

Single or double stranded RNA, or double stranded DNA

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75
Q

What is the genetic materials of bacteriophages?

A

Double stranded DNA

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76
Q

What symptoms does a virus infected plant show?

A

Leaf rolling and curling, mosaic formation, yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth

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77
Q

Who discovered viroids?

A

T.O. Diener

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78
Q

Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by

A

Viroids

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79
Q

What are viroids?

A

Low molecular weight Free RNA

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80
Q

What do viroids lack which all viruses have?

A

Protein coat

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81
Q

What kind of infections to prions cause?

A

Neurological diseases

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82
Q

Prions have size similar to

A

Viruses

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83
Q

What is a prion?

A

Abnormally folded protein

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84
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is caused by

A

Prion

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85
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is also known as

A

Mad cow disease

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86
Q

Cr-Jakob disease is cause by

A

Prions

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87
Q

What is the analogue of mad cow disease in humans

A

Cr- Jakob disease

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88
Q

Pliny’s classification of plants is based on

A

Stem

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89
Q

Which kingdoms were included in the three kingdom classification?

A

Protista, Animalia, Plantae

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90
Q

Which kingdoms were included in the four kingdom classification?

A

Monera, Protista, Animalia, Plantae

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91
Q

What was Carl Woese studying which made him develop the six kingdom classification?

A

16s r-RNA gene

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92
Q

Who gave the three domains of life?

A

Carl Woese

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93
Q

Chromosomes are absent in

A

Monerans

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94
Q

Why can archaebacteria survive in harsh conditions?

A

Due to absence of peptidglycans

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95
Q

Which group of monerons have introns?

A

Archaebacteria

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96
Q

In archaebacteria, membrane lipids are linked to

A

Esters

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97
Q

In eubacteria, membrane lipids are linked to

A

Ether

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98
Q

L glycerol phosphate is found in the membrane lipids of which monerans?

A

Archaebacteria

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99
Q

D glycerol phosphate is found in the membrane lipids of which monerans?

A

Eubacteria

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100
Q

Thermoacidophils oxidise sulphur to

A

Sulphuric acid

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101
Q

In anaerobic conditions, thermoacidophiles reduce sulphur to

A

Hydrogen sulphide

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102
Q

In the presence of light halophytes developa purple membrane made of

A

Bacteriorhodopsin

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103
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of halophytes?

A

Heterotrophic

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104
Q

Bacteria in streptococcus are arranged in a

A

Chain

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105
Q

Bacteria is staphylococcus are arranged

A

like grape vines

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106
Q

Sarcinae of bacteria is

A

3- dimensional arrangement of bacteria

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107
Q

How many flagella do vibiro bacterias have?

A

One

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108
Q

What is the shape of caulobacter?

A

Stalked

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109
Q

What is the shape of Rhodomicrobium?

A

Budded

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110
Q

What is the shape of beggiatoa?

A

Filamentous

111
Q

Cilia orginate from

A

Basal body

112
Q

Cilia is made of which protein?

A

Flagellin

113
Q

Amphitrichous bacteria have

A

Single flagella at both ends

114
Q

Lophotrichous bacteria have

A

Tuft of flagella at one end

115
Q

Cephalotrichous bacteria have

A

Tufts of flagella at both end

116
Q

Which stain is used in Gram’s staining?

A

Crystal violet

117
Q

Which have thicker walls- gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive (20-80 nm)

118
Q

Teichoic acid is present in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive

119
Q

Exotoxins are released by

A

Gram positive bacteria

120
Q

Endotoxins are released by

A

Gram negative bacteria

121
Q

Mucopolypeptides are more in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria

122
Q

Mesosomes are more prominent in gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive

123
Q

How many rings are present in the basal body of gram positive bacteria?

A

2- s and m

124
Q

How many rings are present in basal body of gram negative bacteria?

A

4 - s, m, p and l

125
Q

Can a bacteria survive without a cell wall?

A

Yes

126
Q

What is a bacteria without a cell wall called?

A

Listerform

127
Q

Peptidoglycans are co-polymers of

A

N- Acetyl glycosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid

128
Q

Which cellular component is similar in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Cell membrane

129
Q

What is an episome?

A

Nucleoid + Plasmid (in a prokaryote)

130
Q

Which bacterias posses chromatophores?

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

131
Q

What do chromatophores contain?

A

Bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriophytin

132
Q

Gas vacuoles are present in

A

Blue-green algae, Purple photosynthetic bacteria, and Green photosynthetic bacteria

133
Q

What is the function of gas vacuoles?

A

Protection from UV rays, help to float

134
Q

What are metchromatic granules present in bacteria?

A

Fe, S, volutin and magnetite granules

135
Q

What is the funtion of mesosomes?

A

Respiration, replication

136
Q

What is blapheroplast?

A

Basal body

137
Q

How are pili/fimbriae different from cilia/flagella?

A

Pili/fimbriae do not arise from basal body and do no help in locomotion while cilia/flagella do.

138
Q

What are pili/fimbriae made of?

A

Pilin

139
Q

PIli are found in which bacteria?

A

Gram positive

140
Q

Fimbriae are found in which bacteria?

A

Gram positive and gram negative

141
Q

Where are pili found on a bacteria?

A

At the apex

142
Q

Where are fimbriae found on bacteria?

A

All over the body

143
Q

Thick walled endospores are formed in which bacteria?

A

Rod shaped bacteria

144
Q

Endospores are resistant to toxic chemicals due to

A

Dipicolinic acid

145
Q

What is meromixis?

A

Primitive sexual reproduction/ Parasexual hybridisation

146
Q

How is gentic material transferred from one strain to another in transformation?

A

Simple diffusion

147
Q

How is gentic material transferred from one strain to another in transduction?

A

Through bacteriophage

148
Q

Conjugation was first discovered in which bacteria?

A

E. coli

149
Q

Clostridium pefringes causes

A

Mild food poisoning

150
Q

Which bacteria cause denitrification?

A

Pseudomonas denitrificans

151
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever is caused by

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

152
Q

Chancroid is caused by

A

Haemophilous ducrei

153
Q

Streptomycin is produced by the bacteria

A

Streptomyces griseus

154
Q

Chloramphenicol is produced by

A

Streptomycin venezula

155
Q

Vitamin B12 is produced by the bacteria

A

Propionibacterium

156
Q

Which bacteria is used in curing of tea leaves?

A

Bacillus megatherium

157
Q

Which bacteria is used in retting of fibres?

A

Clostridium

158
Q

Which are the smallest living cells known?

A

Mycoplasma

159
Q

Which organisms are known as jokers of plant kingdom?

A

Mycoplasma

160
Q

Which organisms are known as pleomorphic organisms?

A

Mycoplasma

161
Q

Based on the type of respiration, mycoplasma are

A

Facultative anaerobes

162
Q

Is flagella present in diatoms?

A

Yes, in sperms

163
Q

What is frustule?

A

The cell wall of diatoms

164
Q

Food reserve in diatoms is

A

Chrysolaminarin (Beta 1,3 glucan) and leucosin

165
Q

What happens to cell wall during cell division in diatom?

A

The two new cells retain half the old cell wall and synthesis the other half new.

166
Q

What division to dinoflagellates belong?

A

Pyrophyta

167
Q

What is cell wall made of in dinoflagellates?

A

Cellulose

168
Q

Which group of protists are also called ‘Armoured protists’?

A

Dinoflagellates

169
Q

What is the food reserve in dinoflagellates?

A

Carbohydrates and oil

170
Q

What pigments are present in dinoflagellates?

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, alpha carotene, and xanthophyll

171
Q

What pigments are present in diatoms?

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, beta carotene and diadinoxanthin

172
Q

What is pusule?

A

Non contractile vacuole found in dinoflagellates

173
Q

What is the function of pusule?

A

Osmoregulation and buoyancy

174
Q

What is the cell wall of dinoflagellates called?

A

Theca/lorica

175
Q

Sexual reproduction is absent in all except one genus of dinoflagellates, which is?

A

Noctiluca

176
Q

What makes noctiluca glow in dark?

A

Luciferin protein

177
Q

Which organism is called the fire algae or night light?

A

Noctiluca

178
Q

Which toxin is released by gonyalaux in its surrounding environment that kills fishes?

A

Saxtoxin

179
Q

From where do the flagella of euglena arise?

A

Cell gullet

180
Q

Reserve food material in euglena is?

A

Paramylum starch (apha 1,3 glucan)

181
Q

What pigments are found in euglena?

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, beta carotene and xanthophyll

182
Q

Which flagella of euglena helpsin locomotion?

A

Longer flagella

183
Q

What is the mode of reproduction in euglena?

A

Asexual reproduction- longitudinall binary fission

184
Q

Which slime moulds are called acellular slime moulds?

A

Myxogastria

185
Q

What are swarm cells?

A

Gametes of myxogastria

186
Q

Who gave the term protista?

A

Goldfuss

187
Q

What is the excretory product of protozoans?

A

Ammonia

188
Q

What happens to the contractile vacuole of a freshwater protozoan if it is transferred from freshwater to marine water?

A

Contractile vacuole disappears

189
Q

What happens if a marine protozoan is transferred to freshwater?

A

New contractile vacuole is formed

190
Q

What happens when parasytic protozoan is transferred to freshwater?

A

It dies. (No new contractile vacuole is formed)

191
Q

What are the locomotory appendages in class mastigophora?

A

Flagella

192
Q

What is the mode of reproduction in flagellated protozoans?

A

Asexual reproduction (longitudinal binary fission)

193
Q

Which protist is considered as the connecting link between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

A

Proterospongia

194
Q

Which protozoan is a symbiont of termite’s gut?

A

Trichonympha

195
Q

What is acts as a vector for leishmania?

A

Sandfly (phlebotomus)

196
Q

What is the infective stage of leishmania?

A

Promastigote/leptomonad

197
Q

What causes kala azar (dum dum fever)?

A

Leishmania donovani

198
Q

What causes cuntaneous leishmaniasis/delhi boils?

A

Leishmania tropica

199
Q

What causes espundia disease ( naso oral leishmaniasis)?

A

Leishmania brasiliensis

200
Q

What is the infective stage of trypanosoma?

A

Metacyclic stage

201
Q

African sleeping sickness is caused by

A

Trypanosoma bruce gambiense

202
Q

What acts as a vector for sleeping sickness?

A

Tse-tse fly

203
Q

Chagas disease/ American trypanosomiasis is caused by

A

Trypansoma cruzi

204
Q

What acts as a vector for chagas disease?

A

Triatoma (kissing) bug

205
Q

Pellicle is absent in which protozoans?

A

Sarcodina/Amoeboid protozoans

206
Q

What is the function of pseudopodia?

A

Feeding, locomotion

207
Q

Name the orders in sarcodina class.

A

Lobosa, heliozoa, foraminera, radiolaria

208
Q

Which type of pseudopodia are present in order lobosa?

A

Lobopodia

209
Q

Amoeba belongs to the order

A

Lobosa

210
Q

What is the habitat of amoeba?

A

Fresh water

211
Q

Sol-gel theory of amoeboid movement was given by

A

Hyman, Pantin and Mast

212
Q

Is Entamoeba histolytica a monogenetic or a digenetic parasite?

A

Monogenetic parasite

213
Q

What is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Tetranucleate cyst stage

214
Q

Which organism cause pyorrhia?

A

Entamoeba gingivalis with oral bacteria

215
Q

Entamoeba coli is a

A

Commensal of human gut

216
Q

Which type of pseudopodia are present in order Heliozoa of Sarcodina?

A

Axopodia

217
Q

What is the other name of actinophrys?

A

Sun animalcule (amoeboid protozoan)

218
Q

What is the shell of order Foraminifera of class sarcodina made of?

A

Calcareous shell

219
Q

In what habitat are Foraminiferans and Radiolarians found?

A

Marine

220
Q

What is ocean ooze?

A

Foraminifera and Radiolaria

Used as indicator of petroleum reserves.

221
Q

What is the shell of Radiolarians made of?

A

Silica

222
Q

Trichocyst is found in which protozoan class?

A

Ciliated protists

223
Q

What is the function of trichocyst?

A

Offence and defence, also help in anchoring usually found in dinoflagellates

224
Q

What is the mode of sexual reproduction in ciliated protists?

A

Conjugation

225
Q

All the cilia in paramecium are similar. True/False? (with explanation)

A

False. A caudal tuft of longer cilia is present in paramecium.

226
Q

How many contractile vacuoles are found in paramecium?

A

Two

227
Q

How many nucleus are found Paramecium aurelia?

A

1 macro, 2 micro

228
Q

How many nucleus are found in Paramecium caudatum?

A

1 macro and 1 micro

229
Q

Which protozoans are the commensals of frog’s gut?

A

Opalina and Nyctotherus (ciliated protozoans)

230
Q

Which is the only ciliated protozan that is parasitic to humans?

A

Balantidium coli

231
Q

How do sporozoans move?

A

Through wriggling movement

232
Q

What type of sexual reproduction is found in sporozoans?

A

Syngamy

233
Q

Sexual cycle of Plasmodium occurs in

A

Mosquito

234
Q

Where does fertilization of gametes of Plasmodium occur?

A

In the gut of mosquito

235
Q

The ookinete’s cyst wall is secreted by

A

Partially by the stomach wall and partially by the ookinete itself

236
Q

What causes the symptoms of malaria?

A

Plasmodium converts haemoglobin into haemozoin which is a toxic compound and it cause the malarial fever.

237
Q

What is the incubation period of P. vivax?

A

14 days

238
Q

What is the incubation period of P. falciparum?

A

12 days

239
Q

What is the incubation period of P. Malariae?

A

28 days

240
Q

Which is the most poinsonous fungi?

A

Amanta muscoids

241
Q

Rhizopus belongs to class

A

Zygomycetes of phycomycetes

242
Q

What are conidia produced on?

A

Sterigmata on surface conidiophores

243
Q

Which fungi are called egg fungi?

A

Phycomycetes

244
Q

Which fungi are called algal fungi?

A

Phycomycetes

245
Q

Which fungi are called gill fungi?

A

Basidiomycetes

246
Q

Fruiting bodies are formed in which classes of fungi?

A

Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes

247
Q

What is the cell wall of phycomycetes made of?

A

Cellulose

248
Q

Which organism is blue mould?

A

Penicillium

249
Q

Which organism is brown mould?

A

Aspergillus

250
Q

Which organism is pink mould?

A

Neurospora

251
Q

Which organism is called the weed of the laboratory?

A

Aspergillus

252
Q

What are lichoperdon?

A

Puff balls

253
Q

Which organism caused the famine of Bengal (1943)?

A

Helminthosporium oryzae- cause brown leaf spot of rice

254
Q

Camembert cheeze is made using the fungi

A

Penicillium camemberti

255
Q

Which part of lichen performs sexual reproduction?

A

Mycobiont

256
Q

What is the female sex organ in lichens called?

A

Caropgonium

257
Q

What is the shape of apothecium in lichens?

A

Plate shaped

258
Q

What is the shape of perithecium in lichens?

A

Flask shaped

259
Q

Give two example of fruticose lichen.

A

Usnea and cladonia

260
Q

Given an example of crustose lichen.

A

Graphis

261
Q

Give an example of foliose lichen.

A

Parmelia

262
Q

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) is found in

A

Orchids

263
Q

What is a virion?

A

A virus present in an abiotic environment is called a virion.

264
Q

Who is considered as the father of virology?

A

Stanley

265
Q

Which is fastest mutable virus?

A

Influenza virus

266
Q

Where do the carbohydrates and lipid of envelope of a virus come from?

A

Host cell

267
Q

In which viruses is an envelope found?

A

Retrovirus and bacteriophages

268
Q

How many copies of ss-RNA are present in HIV?

A

Two

269
Q

Generalized transduction is the result of which bacteriophagial cycle?

A

Lytic cycle

270
Q

Specialized transduction is the result of which bacteriophagial cycle?

A

Lysogenic cycle

271
Q

The sporangia of terrestrial oomycetes produce

A

Non-flagellated conidia and aplanospores

272
Q

How are oospores formed in oomycetes?

A

By fusion of gametes

273
Q

The sporangia of aquatic oomycetes produce

A

Zoospores

274
Q

The sporangium of zygomycetes produces

A

Meiospores

► Biology (NEET) (39 decks)

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