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Neurosciences > "Wrong" > Flashcards

"Wrong" Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sensory component of the gag reflex

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

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2
Q

Approx 20% of patients with ASD have what?

A

Macrocephaly (develops during childhood)

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3
Q

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells are all examples of what?

A

Glia

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4
Q

Degeneration of which of the following structure is thought to lead to the loss of cholinergic innervation seen in Alzheimer’s?

A

Nucleus of meynert

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5
Q

The agonist effect of SSRIs on which of the following receptors most likely results in anorgasmia?

A

5HT2C

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6
Q

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin?

A

L aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

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7
Q

The motor component of which reflex involves the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerve?

A

Vestibulo-ocular

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8
Q

likely to present with a spastic dysarthria?

A

Pseudo bulbar palsy

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9
Q

Where in the brain is the fornix found

A

Cerebrum

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10
Q

Where in the brain is the hippocampus found

A

Temporal lobes, cerebrum

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11
Q

Where in the brain is the pineal gland found

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

Multisystem atrophy - can you treat PD symptoms with PD meds?

A

No - They are characterised by a poor response to Parkinson’s treatment such as levodopa.

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13
Q

serotonin receptor involved in circadian rhythms

A

5HT 7

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14
Q

Is the pH of CSF the same, lower or higher than plasma?

A

Lower - more acidic

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15
Q

What would you most expect to be seen on an EEG during stage III sleep in a normal, healthy person?

A

Delta waves

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16
Q

What waves do you see in meditation

A

Theta, plus gamma in very experienced meditators

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17
Q

On an examination of a patient who is suspected to have had a stroke you note that the tongue deviates towards the right. Which nerve do you suspect is affected?

A

Right hypoglossal

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18
Q

Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum. From which hypothalamic nuclei does it originate from?

A

Arcuate

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19
Q

The cingulum is what kind of white matter?

A

Association tract

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20
Q

Which cerebral tumour is most likely to be found on the walls of the ventricles?

A

Ependymoma

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21
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the third to the fourth ventricle via the

A

Aqueduct of sylvius

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22
Q

cell types provides structural support in the central nervous system?

A

Astrocytes

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23
Q

The site of synthesis of norepinephrine

A

Locus coeruleus

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24
Q

The amino acid which is the chemical precursur of serotonin

A

5-hydroxytryptophan

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25
Q

A breakdown product of serotonin

A

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid

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26
Q

Alpha-synuclein and ubiquitun

A

Lewy bodies

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27
Q

Pick bodies are composed of

A

Tau

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28
Q

pyramidal cell neurons located within the grey matter of the motor cortex

A

Betz cells

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29
Q

A lesion in which of the following cranial nerves will result in a hoarse voice and dysphagia?

A

Vagus

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30
Q

Hypothalamic nucleus Controls thermoregulation and reproductive behaviours

A

Preoptic

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31
Q

Hypothalamic nucleus Produces anti-diuretic hormone

A

Supraoptic

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32
Q

Which stage of sleep is characterised by hypnic jerks and theta waves on the EEG?

A

Stage 1

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33
Q

Leptin receptors are most abundant in which of the following hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Arcuate

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34
Q

An elderly patient attends clinic and tells you that they have become unable to see more than one object at a time. This has resulted in them bumping into things when they try to walk around. Which of the following do you suspect?

A

Bilateral parieto-occipital dysfunction

(Simultanagnoisa/balint’s syndrome)

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35
Q

The Nissl substance is responsible for what function inside a neuron?

A

Protein synthesis

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36
Q

The nucleus of Meynert is located where

A

Substantia innominata, basal forebrain

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37
Q

most common type of primary brain tumour in adults?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

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38
Q

A patient with astereognosia is unable to do what?

A

Recognise objects by touch

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39
Q

Secreted by the stomach to increase hunger

A

Ghrelin

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40
Q

Secreted by the intestine and acts as an appetite suppressant

A

Cholecystokinin

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41
Q

Secreted by Adipose tissue and acts on receptors in the hypothalamus where it inhibits appetite

A

Leptin

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42
Q

Secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum Stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach to secrete gastric juice (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and the proteolytic enzyme pepsin)

A

Gastrin

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43
Q

Secreted by cells in the gastric glands of the stomach On the stomach (thus a paracrine effect) it inhibits the release of gastrin and hydrochloric acid

On the duodenum it inhibits the release of secretin and cholecystokinin

On the pancreas it inhibits the release of glucagon

A

Somatostatin

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44
Q

Secreted by cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to the acidic contents of the emptying stomach Stimulates the exocrine portion of the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the pancreatic fluid (thus neutralizing the acidity of the intestinal contents)

A

Secretin

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45
Q

Geniculocalcarine tract is what kind of white matter

A

Projection tract

46
Q

A 38 year old, obese lady reports recurrent intermittent unilateral visual loss associated with pain over the past 2 years. She wonders if it might be related to her use of fluoxetine which you prescribed her for depression. Which of the following do you most suspect?

A

MS

47
Q

wave form corresponds to a frequency of 4-8 Hz?

A

Theta

48
Q

Regular, fast, generalised spike and wave activity seen in which of the following?

A

Myoclonic epilepsy

49
Q

Which region of the cerebellum is involved in the control of fine-tuned body movements?

A

Spinocerebellum

50
Q

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for what function inside a neuron?

A

Packaging of macromolecules

51
Q

Nitric oxide has been suggested as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of which condition?

A

Depression

52
Q

Which brain part plays a central role in the neural circuitry of drug addiction by integrating highly specific information about the environment and past experience?

A

Nucleus accumbens

53
Q

The receptor of which of the following inhibitory neurotransmitters is antagonised by strychnine leading to strychnine poisoning?

A

Glycine

54
Q

Main inhibitory NTs

A

Gaba and glycine

55
Q

Main excitatory NTs

A

Glutamate and aspartate

56
Q

During an EEG recording, a patient who is relaxed with their eyes closed is asked to open their eyes and read a passage of text in front of them. What EEG change would you expect to find?

A

Bilateral disappearance of alpha waves

57
Q

main constituent of Hirano bodies?

A

Actin

58
Q

Transcortical motor aphasia would result from occlusion of which artery?

A

Anterior cerebral

59
Q

Generalised diffuse delta and theta waves on an EEG are most consistent with

A

Metabolic encephalopathy

60
Q

Delta waves should only be seen in

A

deep sleep (stages III and IV).

61
Q

Excessive dopaminergic activity in which of the following areas is suggested as the major pathway in psychosis?

A

Striatum

62
Q

connects regions of the frontal lobe with regions of the temporal lobe of the same hemisphere?

A

Superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus

63
Q

Gyrus Noted to have reduced gray matter volumes in schizophrenia

A

Superior temporal gyrus

64
Q

Gyrus Involved in dreaming

A

Lingual gyrus

65
Q

Role of dentate gyrus

A

formation of episodic memory - hippocampus

66
Q

Role of postcentral gyrus (and location)

A

Parietal lobe, Touch

67
Q

The term ‘intrinsic activity’ used to describe drug/receptor interactions is also known as what

A

Efficacy

68
Q

Which of the following receptors is rosette shaped?

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine

69
Q

Differences in pallor in PSP vs PD

A

PD = pallor in SN + LC

PSP = pallor in SN only

70
Q

A lesion in the vagus nerve is most likely to affect which cranial nerve reflex?

A

Gag reflex

71
Q

Can serotonin cross the BBB

A

no

72
Q

Which axons is responsible for the sharp initial pain felt when one receives an injury?

A

A-delta

73
Q

Which axon if responsible for slow, dull, longer lasting, second pain.

A

C fibres

74
Q

Which type of axon is unmyelinated?

A

C fibres

75
Q

Which axon is responsible for proprioception

A

A alpha

76
Q

Which axon is responsible for touch

A

A beta

77
Q

Which axon is responsible for itch

A

C fibres

78
Q

Which structure transmits the middle meningeal artery?

A

Foramen spinosum

79
Q

Amino acid NTS

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate

80
Q

How do most antipsychotics work

A

Blockage of D-2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway

81
Q

The fissure of Rolando divides which

A

Frontal and parietal

82
Q

A patient with Parkinson’s disease is observed to walk with short, jerky steps.

A

Festinating gait

83
Q

A man with a long history of heavy alcohol consumption walks into clinic and is noted to have an unsteady gait with a wide base.

A

Ataxic gait

84
Q

An old man attends the ward round an as he enters the room you notice that his stance phase is abnormally short compared to the swing phase.

A

Antalgic gait

85
Q

What is the falx cerebri

A

Layer of dura mater separating the cerebral hemispheres

86
Q

An increase in Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in cortical areas compared to controls has been demonstrated for which condition

A

Schizophrenia

87
Q

The Sylvian fissure divides

A

frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

88
Q

Balloon cells are typically associated with

A

Picks disease

89
Q

A 65 year old man presents with a rapidly progressive dementing illness, with severe cerebellar and extrapyramidal signs and myoclonus.

A

Highly suggestive of sporadic CJD which produces biphasic and triphasic sharp wave complexes.

90
Q

A 70 year old woman with no psychiatric history presents to A&E as agitated, and confused, with an altered sleep-wake cycle. She appears to be responding to unseen stimuli.

A

Her presentation is consistent with delirium, which characteristically shows generalised (diffuse) slowing on the EEG.

91
Q

Where is the cribiform plate and what does it do

A

Anterior Cranial fossa
part of the ethmoid bone
separates the nasal cavity from the brain

92
Q

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis constitutes what percentage of all cases of multiple sclerosis?

A

10%

93
Q

The cerebellum develops from which area of the embryonic brain?

A

Metencephalon

94
Q

The motor component of which reflex involves cranial nerve VII

A

Corneal reflex

95
Q

Which interleukin has been most consistently found to be in higher concentrations in depressed subjects compared with controls?

A

Il 6

96
Q

Where is the lesion: Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Dominant temoral lobe

97
Q

Where is the lesion: Finger agnosia

A

Dominant parietal lobe

98
Q

Where is the lesion: Contralateral hemiplegia

A

Non dominant frontal lobe

99
Q

Internal capsule is a

A

Projection tract

100
Q

Cingulum is a

A

association tract

101
Q

What are Mallory bodies seen in

A

Wilson’s disease

102
Q

The term ‘punch drunk syndrome’ was first used by who

A

Martland

103
Q

Seizure with lack of awareness associated with aura is highly suggestive of

A

Complex partial seizure

104
Q

Is dopamine metabotropic or ionotropic

A

Metabotropic

105
Q

The retina develops from which area of the embryonic brain?

A

Diencephalon

106
Q

Microglia are thought to be derived from the

A

Mesoderm

107
Q

Microglia are in the…

A

CNS and spinal cord

108
Q

Do microglia produce myelin

A

No

109
Q

What are microglia sensitive to changes in

A

Extracellular potassium

110
Q

Microglia constitute approx what % of the glial population

A

15%

Neurosciences (19 decks)

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