"Wrong" Flashcards
What is the sensory component of the gag reflex
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
Approx 20% of patients with ASD have what?
Macrocephaly (develops during childhood)
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells are all examples of what?
Glia
Degeneration of which of the following structure is thought to lead to the loss of cholinergic innervation seen in Alzheimer’s?
Nucleus of meynert
The agonist effect of SSRIs on which of the following receptors most likely results in anorgasmia?
5HT2C
Which of the following enzymes is involved in the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin?
L aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
The motor component of which reflex involves the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerve?
Vestibulo-ocular
likely to present with a spastic dysarthria?
Pseudo bulbar palsy
Where in the brain is the fornix found
Cerebrum
Where in the brain is the hippocampus found
Temporal lobes, cerebrum
Where in the brain is the pineal gland found
Diencephalon
Multisystem atrophy - can you treat PD symptoms with PD meds?
No - They are characterised by a poor response to Parkinson’s treatment such as levodopa.
serotonin receptor involved in circadian rhythms
5HT 7
Is the pH of CSF the same, lower or higher than plasma?
Lower - more acidic
What would you most expect to be seen on an EEG during stage III sleep in a normal, healthy person?
Delta waves
What waves do you see in meditation
Theta, plus gamma in very experienced meditators
On an examination of a patient who is suspected to have had a stroke you note that the tongue deviates towards the right. Which nerve do you suspect is affected?
Right hypoglossal
Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland via the infundibulum. From which hypothalamic nuclei does it originate from?
Arcuate
The cingulum is what kind of white matter?
Association tract
Which cerebral tumour is most likely to be found on the walls of the ventricles?
Ependymoma
Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the third to the fourth ventricle via the
Aqueduct of sylvius
cell types provides structural support in the central nervous system?
Astrocytes
The site of synthesis of norepinephrine
Locus coeruleus
The amino acid which is the chemical precursur of serotonin
5-hydroxytryptophan
A breakdown product of serotonin
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Alpha-synuclein and ubiquitun
Lewy bodies
Pick bodies are composed of
Tau
pyramidal cell neurons located within the grey matter of the motor cortex
Betz cells
A lesion in which of the following cranial nerves will result in a hoarse voice and dysphagia?
Vagus
Hypothalamic nucleus Controls thermoregulation and reproductive behaviours
Preoptic
Hypothalamic nucleus Produces anti-diuretic hormone
Supraoptic
Which stage of sleep is characterised by hypnic jerks and theta waves on the EEG?
Stage 1
Leptin receptors are most abundant in which of the following hypothalamic nuclei?
Arcuate
An elderly patient attends clinic and tells you that they have become unable to see more than one object at a time. This has resulted in them bumping into things when they try to walk around. Which of the following do you suspect?
Bilateral parieto-occipital dysfunction
(Simultanagnoisa/balint’s syndrome)
The Nissl substance is responsible for what function inside a neuron?
Protein synthesis
The nucleus of Meynert is located where
Substantia innominata, basal forebrain
most common type of primary brain tumour in adults?
Glioblastoma multiforme
A patient with astereognosia is unable to do what?
Recognise objects by touch
Secreted by the stomach to increase hunger
Ghrelin
Secreted by the intestine and acts as an appetite suppressant
Cholecystokinin
Secreted by Adipose tissue and acts on receptors in the hypothalamus where it inhibits appetite
Leptin
Secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum Stimulates the exocrine cells of the stomach to secrete gastric juice (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and the proteolytic enzyme pepsin)
Gastrin
Secreted by cells in the gastric glands of the stomach On the stomach (thus a paracrine effect) it inhibits the release of gastrin and hydrochloric acid
On the duodenum it inhibits the release of secretin and cholecystokinin
On the pancreas it inhibits the release of glucagon
Somatostatin
Secreted by cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to the acidic contents of the emptying stomach Stimulates the exocrine portion of the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate into the pancreatic fluid (thus neutralizing the acidity of the intestinal contents)
Secretin
Geniculocalcarine tract is what kind of white matter
Projection tract
A 38 year old, obese lady reports recurrent intermittent unilateral visual loss associated with pain over the past 2 years. She wonders if it might be related to her use of fluoxetine which you prescribed her for depression. Which of the following do you most suspect?
MS
wave form corresponds to a frequency of 4-8 Hz?
Theta
Regular, fast, generalised spike and wave activity seen in which of the following?
Myoclonic epilepsy
Which region of the cerebellum is involved in the control of fine-tuned body movements?
Spinocerebellum
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for what function inside a neuron?
Packaging of macromolecules
Nitric oxide has been suggested as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of which condition?
Depression
Which brain part plays a central role in the neural circuitry of drug addiction by integrating highly specific information about the environment and past experience?
Nucleus accumbens
The receptor of which of the following inhibitory neurotransmitters is antagonised by strychnine leading to strychnine poisoning?
Glycine
Main inhibitory NTs
Gaba and glycine
Main excitatory NTs
Glutamate and aspartate
During an EEG recording, a patient who is relaxed with their eyes closed is asked to open their eyes and read a passage of text in front of them. What EEG change would you expect to find?
Bilateral disappearance of alpha waves
main constituent of Hirano bodies?
Actin
Transcortical motor aphasia would result from occlusion of which artery?
Anterior cerebral
Generalised diffuse delta and theta waves on an EEG are most consistent with
Metabolic encephalopathy
Delta waves should only be seen in
deep sleep (stages III and IV).
Excessive dopaminergic activity in which of the following areas is suggested as the major pathway in psychosis?
Striatum
connects regions of the frontal lobe with regions of the temporal lobe of the same hemisphere?
Superior longitudinal (arcuate) fasciculus
Gyrus Noted to have reduced gray matter volumes in schizophrenia
Superior temporal gyrus
Gyrus Involved in dreaming
Lingual gyrus
Role of dentate gyrus
formation of episodic memory - hippocampus
Role of postcentral gyrus (and location)
Parietal lobe, Touch
The term ‘intrinsic activity’ used to describe drug/receptor interactions is also known as what
Efficacy
Which of the following receptors is rosette shaped?
Nicotinic acetylcholine
Differences in pallor in PSP vs PD
PD = pallor in SN + LC
PSP = pallor in SN only
A lesion in the vagus nerve is most likely to affect which cranial nerve reflex?
Gag reflex
Can serotonin cross the BBB
no
Which axons is responsible for the sharp initial pain felt when one receives an injury?
A-delta
Which axon if responsible for slow, dull, longer lasting, second pain.
C fibres
Which type of axon is unmyelinated?
C fibres
Which axon is responsible for proprioception
A alpha
Which axon is responsible for touch
A beta
Which axon is responsible for itch
C fibres
Which structure transmits the middle meningeal artery?
Foramen spinosum
Amino acid NTS
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate
How do most antipsychotics work
Blockage of D-2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway
The fissure of Rolando divides which
Frontal and parietal
A patient with Parkinson’s disease is observed to walk with short, jerky steps.
Festinating gait
A man with a long history of heavy alcohol consumption walks into clinic and is noted to have an unsteady gait with a wide base.
Ataxic gait
An old man attends the ward round an as he enters the room you notice that his stance phase is abnormally short compared to the swing phase.
Antalgic gait
What is the falx cerebri
Layer of dura mater separating the cerebral hemispheres
An increase in Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in cortical areas compared to controls has been demonstrated for which condition
Schizophrenia
The Sylvian fissure divides
frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.
Balloon cells are typically associated with
Picks disease
A 65 year old man presents with a rapidly progressive dementing illness, with severe cerebellar and extrapyramidal signs and myoclonus.
Highly suggestive of sporadic CJD which produces biphasic and triphasic sharp wave complexes.
A 70 year old woman with no psychiatric history presents to A&E as agitated, and confused, with an altered sleep-wake cycle. She appears to be responding to unseen stimuli.
Her presentation is consistent with delirium, which characteristically shows generalised (diffuse) slowing on the EEG.
Where is the cribiform plate and what does it do
Anterior Cranial fossa
part of the ethmoid bone
separates the nasal cavity from the brain
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis constitutes what percentage of all cases of multiple sclerosis?
10%
The cerebellum develops from which area of the embryonic brain?
Metencephalon
The motor component of which reflex involves cranial nerve VII
Corneal reflex
Which interleukin has been most consistently found to be in higher concentrations in depressed subjects compared with controls?
Il 6
Where is the lesion: Wernicke’s aphasia
Dominant temoral lobe
Where is the lesion: Finger agnosia
Dominant parietal lobe
Where is the lesion: Contralateral hemiplegia
Non dominant frontal lobe
Internal capsule is a
Projection tract
Cingulum is a
association tract
What are Mallory bodies seen in
Wilson’s disease
The term ‘punch drunk syndrome’ was first used by who
Martland
Seizure with lack of awareness associated with aura is highly suggestive of
Complex partial seizure
Is dopamine metabotropic or ionotropic
Metabotropic
The retina develops from which area of the embryonic brain?
Diencephalon
Microglia are thought to be derived from the
Mesoderm
Microglia are in the…
CNS and spinal cord
Do microglia produce myelin
No
What are microglia sensitive to changes in
Extracellular potassium
Microglia constitute approx what % of the glial population
15%
