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Neurosciences > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Amygdala

A

Anterior temporal lobe , above hippocampal formation

Limbic system

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2
Q

Components of the Basal Ganglia

A

Striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens)
Subthalamic nucleus
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra (divided into pars compacta and pars reticulate)

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3
Q

Putamen and globus pallidus are collectively referred to as….

A

Lenticular nucleus

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4
Q

Four conditions arising from basal ganglia

A

Huntington’s chorea (caudate nucleus)
Wilson’s disease (copper deposition in basal ganglia)
Parkinson’s disease (substantia nigra)
Hemiballism (subthalamic nucleus)

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5
Q

BBB Circumventricular Organs

A

Pineal body
Posterior pituitary
Area postrema
Subfornical organ
Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis
Median eminence

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6
Q

BBB

A

Endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions
Lipid soluble molecules pass through relatively easily whereas water soluble ones do not.
Large molecules do not pass through the BBB easily
Molecules that are highly charged struggle to pass through
The permeability of the BBB increases when it is inflamed
Nasally administered drugs can theoretically bypass the BBB
The BBB is fenestrated at the circumventricular organs

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7
Q

Contains the primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) and is involved in complex learning

A

Frontal lobe

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8
Q

Contains the primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) and is involved in language acquisition

A

Parietal lobe

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9
Q

Processes visual information and is related to our understanding of the written word

A

Occipital lobe

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10
Q

Processes information associated with hearing and equilibrium

A

Temporal lobe

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11
Q

Region of the cerebrum deep within the lateral sulcus; processes information associated with hearing and equilibrium

A

Insula

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12
Q

The major bridge of white fibres that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Corpus callosum

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13
Q

Bridge of white matter inferior to the corpus callosum; links regions of the limbic system (‘emotional’ brain) together

A

Fornix

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14
Q

Bridge of white fibres found near the anterior tip of the corpus callosum; connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Anterior commissure

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15
Q

Part of basal ganglia. Input nuclei, control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly. Also involved in eye movement, reward seeking, the pleasurable effects of substance misuse, and learning

A

Striatum

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16
Q

Part of the limbic system. Major role in memory. Early memory storage, formation of long-term memory, and spatial navigation

A

Hippocampus

17
Q

Almond sized collection of nuclei found in the medial temporal lobe. Key role in processing emotion. Determines the emotional relevance of stimuli (e.g. fear and threat detection). Involved in consolidation of memories which have a strong emotional component

A

Amygdala

18
Q

80% of the diencephalon. Major relay point and processing centre for all sensory impulses (excluding olfaction). Comprised of numerous nuclei and is involved in most functional areas (motor, emotional, memory, visual, auditory)

A

Thalamus

19
Q

Composed of several nuclei with a variety of functions. Main functions are homeostasis (by either direct influence over autonomic nervous system or through hormones) and hormone release for other reasons such as growth. The hormone release comes from the pituitary gland (under the control of the hypothalamus)

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

20
Q

Unpaired structure (only one per brain). Main function is secretion of melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms

A

Pineal Gland

21
Q

A relay point most notably involved in memory. When damaged people tend to get a ‘diencephalic amnesia’ characterised by anterograde amnesia. The mamillary bodies are atrophied in Korsakoff’s syndrome. The mamillary bodies also contain cells which note the direction of the head and function like a compass to aid navigation

A

Mamillary body

22
Q

Associated with bodily posture and locomotion

A

Vermis

23
Q

Fine, transversely-oriented pleat-like gyri on the surface of the cerebellum; increase surface area

A

Folia

24
Q

Aka ‘tree of life’. This is the cerebellar white matter, so called for its branched, tree-like appearance

A

Arbor vitae

25
Q

Exist in three pairs (superior, middle, and inferior). The cerebellum communicates with the rest of the nervous system via these peduncles

A

Cerebellar peduncles

26
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum

A

Flocculonodular lobe
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe

27
Q

Functional divisions of cerebellum

A

FN lobe = Vestibulocerebellum (balance and spatial orientation)

Anterior + posterior combine to form medial section, spinocerebellum (fine-tuned body movements)

and

lateral section, Cerebrocerebellum (involved in planning movement, and the conscious assessment of movement)

28
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the cerebral hemispheres

A

Tentorium cerebelli

29
Q

What connects cerebellum to brain stem

A

3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles

30
Q

Reduced planum temporale symmetry is seen in which three conditions

A

dyslexia
stuttering
schizophrenia

31
Q

Which components of the brain are asymmetrical?

A

Planum temporale

Heschl’s gyrus (anterior transverse temporal gyrus in T.lobe)

32
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex and what Brodmann’s area is this?

A

Heschl’s gyrus

Brodmann 41

33
Q

Which triangular region forms the heart of Wernicke’s area

A

Planum temporale

34
Q

Oldest part of the cortex, connects the limbic system to the cortex

A

Archicortex

35
Q

associated with the olfactory system

A

Paleocortex

36
Q

Accounts for 90% of the cortex

A

Neocortex

37
Q

Layers of the Neocortex

A

Layer I - Molecular layer
Layer II - External granular layer
Layer III - External pyramidal layer
Layer IV - Internal granular layer
Layer V - Internal pyramidal
Layer VI - Multiform

MEGEP IGIP M

38
Q

Cell types in neocortex

A

Pyramidal cells
Non-pyramidal cells (granular/stellate cells). There are two types of non-pyramidal cell, one excitatory (glutamate), and one inhibitory (GABA).

39
Q

Processing emotions and regulating the endocrine and autonomic responses to emotions
Reward-based decision making

A

Cingulate gyrus

Neurosciences (19 decks)

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