Neuropathology

Question 1

Amnesia associated with damage to

Answer 1

medial temporal lobe
hippocampus
midline diencephalon

Question 2

Pupil reacts poorly to light and normally to near (accommodation and convergence). They are usually small and irregular in shape. They do not generally lead to a reduction in visual acuity. Dilation is poor with midriatic agents.

Answer 2

Argylle Robertson Pupil
A/w tertiary syphilis

Question 3

Anatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia

Answer 3

Brain volume decreased
Ventricular enlargement.
Reduced grey matter in prefrontal cortex, medial and superior temporal lobe structures, and thalamus
Reduced activity of the prefrontal cortex = ‘hypofrontality’.
Reduced planum temporale asymmetry

Question 4

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis % of cases

Answer 4

5-10%

Question 5

Relapsing-remitting % of cases

Answer 5

20-30%

Question 6

Secondary progressive % of cases

Answer 6

60%

Question 7

Ocular features of MS

Answer 7

Optic neuritis (unilateral visual loss)

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (diplopia and/or nystagmus due to a problem arising from the midbrain)

Ocular motor cranial neuropathy (e.g. sixth nerve palsy)

Question 8

Monozygotic concordance of MS

Answer 8

25%

Question 9

UMN signs

Answer 9

Weakness
Increased reflexes
Increased tone (spasticity)
Mild atrophy
An up-going plantar response (Babinski reflex)
Clonus

Question 10

LMN signs

Answer 10

Atrophy
Weakness
Fasciculation’s
Decreased reflexes
Decreased tone

Question 11

Hakim’s triad is a/w which condition?

Answer 11

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Question 12

How does HIV cross the BBB

Answer 12

T lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 13

Macroscopic changes in PD

Answer 13

Pallor of substantia nigra in midbrain
Pallor of locus coeruleus in upper pons

Question 14

Microscopic changes in PD

Answer 14

Neuronal loss & astrocytic gliosis in
-pars compacta of substantia nigra
- coueruleus and sub-coeruleus area
- dorsal nucleus of 10th nerve

Question 15

Immunological staining used to detect Pick Disease

Answer 15

Anti tau antibodies

Question 16

Main area affected in Wernicke Korsakoff

Answer 16

Dorsal medial thalamus

Question 17

CAG repeats are particularly unstable when passed through which line

Answer 17

Male germline

Question 18

Right homonymous hemianopia caused by

Answer 18

Lesions of left optic radiation

Question 19

Knife blade atrophy is seen in

Answer 19

Pick disease

Question 20

Pulvinar sign seen in

Answer 20

vCJD

Question 21

Which CSF biomarker can predict worse outcomes in those with mild cognitive impairment?

Answer 21

Increased p-tau/beta amyloid 42 ratio

Question 22

Eosinophilic, haloed, intra neuronal inclusions made of alpha synuclein

Answer 22

Lewy bodies

Question 23

Most common neuroimaging finding in BPAD

Answer 23

White matter hyperintensities

Question 24

Amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles are primarily seen where, in AD?

Answer 24

Entorhinal cortex

(then to hippocampus)