Neuropathology Flashcards
Amnesia associated with damage to
medial temporal lobe
hippocampus
midline diencephalon
Pupil reacts poorly to light and normally to near (accommodation and convergence). They are usually small and irregular in shape. They do not generally lead to a reduction in visual acuity. Dilation is poor with midriatic agents.
Argylle Robertson Pupil
A/w tertiary syphilis
Anatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia
Brain volume decreased
Ventricular enlargement.
Reduced grey matter in prefrontal cortex, medial and superior temporal lobe structures, and thalamus
Reduced activity of the prefrontal cortex = ‘hypofrontality’.
Reduced planum temporale asymmetry
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis % of cases
5-10%
Relapsing-remitting % of cases
20-30%
Secondary progressive % of cases
60%
Ocular features of MS
Optic neuritis (unilateral visual loss)
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (diplopia and/or nystagmus due to a problem arising from the midbrain)
Ocular motor cranial neuropathy (e.g. sixth nerve palsy)
Monozygotic concordance of MS
25%
UMN signs
Weakness
Increased reflexes
Increased tone (spasticity)
Mild atrophy
An up-going plantar response (Babinski reflex)
Clonus
LMN signs
Atrophy
Weakness
Fasciculation’s
Decreased reflexes
Decreased tone
Hakim’s triad is a/w which condition?
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
How does HIV cross the BBB
T lymphocytes and monocytes
Macroscopic changes in PD
Pallor of substantia nigra in midbrain
Pallor of locus coeruleus in upper pons
Microscopic changes in PD
Neuronal loss & astrocytic gliosis in
-pars compacta of substantia nigra
- coueruleus and sub-coeruleus area
- dorsal nucleus of 10th nerve
Immunological staining used to detect Pick Disease
Anti tau antibodies
Main area affected in Wernicke Korsakoff
Dorsal medial thalamus
CAG repeats are particularly unstable when passed through which line
Male germline
Right homonymous hemianopia caused by
Lesions of left optic radiation
Knife blade atrophy is seen in
Pick disease
Pulvinar sign seen in
vCJD
Which CSF biomarker can predict worse outcomes in those with mild cognitive impairment?
Increased p-tau/beta amyloid 42 ratio
Eosinophilic, haloed, intra neuronal inclusions made of alpha synuclein
Lewy bodies
Most common neuroimaging finding in BPAD
White matter hyperintensities
Amyloid protein and neurofibrillary tangles are primarily seen where, in AD?
Entorhinal cortex
(then to hippocampus)
