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Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Small molecules Class I

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

Small molecules Class II

A

AMINES:
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Histamine, Epinephrine

DENSH

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3
Q

Small molecules Class III

A

AMINO ACIDS:
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate

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4
Q

Small molecules Class IV

A

SOLUBLE GASES:
Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide

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5
Q

Large molecules

A

Neuropeptides (e.g. substance P, Somatostatin, Cholecystokinin), Endorphins (e.g. enkephalin), Oxytocin, Cannabinoids

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6
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory

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7
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Epinephrine

A

Excitatory

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8
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory

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9
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Dopamine

A

Excitatory and Inhibitory

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10
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Serotonin

A

Excitatory

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11
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Glutamate

A

Excitatory

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12
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
Glycine

A

Mainly inhibitory

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13
Q

Excitatory or inhibitory:
g-Aminobutiric acid (GABA)

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

GABA A = Ionotropic
GABA B = Metabotropic

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15
Q

Glutamate - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Both
(Excitatory ionotropic)

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16
Q

Glycine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Ionotropic (inhibitory)

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17
Q

Dopamine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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18
Q

Noradrenaline - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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19
Q

Adrenaline - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

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20
Q

Serotonin - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic
OTHER THAN 5HT3 = ionotropic

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21
Q

Histamine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Metabotropic

22
Q

Acetylcholine - metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

Nicotininc = ionotropic
Muscarinic = metabotropic

M=M

23
Q

Acetylcholine synthesised in

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

24
Q

Dopamine synthesised in

A

substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and hypothalamus

25
Q

Serotonin synthesised in

A

Raphe nucleus
Enterochromaffin cells in stomach

26
Q

GABA synthesised in

27
Q

Noradrenaline synthesised in

A

Locus coeruleus (aka ‘the blue spot), in pons

28
Q

Acetylcholine synthesis - enzymes involved

A

Acetylcholine is formed from choline within neurons.

Choline acetlytransferase transfers an acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme-A to choline resulting in acetylcholine.

29
Q

Dopamine enzymes involved - SYNTHESIS

A

SYNTHESIS:

TYROSINE
- tyrosine hydroxylase
–> L DOPA
- dopa decarboxylase
–> DOPAMINE

30
Q

Serotonin synthesis - enzymes involved

A

Transformation of L-tryptophan into serotonin involves two steps:

Hydroxylation to 5-hydroxytryptophan catalysed by tryptophan hydroxylase

Followed by decarboxylation of 5-hydroxytryptophan to
serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)
by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

31
Q

Noradrenaline synthesis - enzymes involved

A

As per dopamine, then

dopamine –> norad by
dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

Norepinephrine is then converted to epinephrine by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.

32
Q

GABA synthesis - enzymes involved

A

Synthesised from glutamate

33
Q

Dopamine enzymes involved - METABOLISM

A

DOPAMINE
-catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) –> 3-METHOXYTYRAMINE

/

DOPAMINE
- monoamine oxidase (MAO)
–> 3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYL-ACETIC ACID3

NB It is metabolised by both forms of MAO (MAO-A and MAO-B).

34
Q

GABA A agonists

A

ethanol
benzodiazepines
z-drugs
barbiturates

35
Q

GABA A antagonist

A

Flumazenil

36
Q

GABA B agonists

A

baclofen
GHB

37
Q

Serotonin metabolism - enzymes

A

MAO and then aldehyde dehydogenase to 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).

38
Q

GABA metabolism - enzymes

A

GABA transaminase

(valproate is a GABA-transaminase inhibitor).

39
Q

Noradrenaline metabolism - enzymes

A

MAO and COMT

40
Q

Acetylcholine metabolism - enzymes

A

Broken down to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase

41
Q

Histamine metabolised by?

A

Histamine methyltransferase & MAO

42
Q

H1 receptor location

A

CNS tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium

43
Q

H1 receptor function

A

Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, pain and itching from stings

44
Q

H2 receptor location

A

Parietal cells in stomach

45
Q

H2 receptor function

A

Stimulates gastric acid secretion

46
Q

H3 receptor location

A

Central and peripheral nervous tissue

47
Q

H3 receptor function

A

Decreases the release of other neurotransmitters (serotonin, noradrenaline, acetylcholine)

48
Q

H4 receptor location

49
Q

H4 receptor function

A

Chemotaxis (cellular movement)

50
Q

Histamine synthesis

A

From histidine by histidine decarboxylase

Neurosciences (19 decks)

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