Written Language: Word Recognition and Reading Flashcards
What’s the significance of reading and writing in language?
Speech while first form of communication in language, Reading and writing allows communication of language **over space and time. **
How are early writing systems similar to today?
Early writing systems involved pictures which over the years, have evolved into phonologial represenation
What did majority of the writing systems have in common? What does this exclude?
Alphabetic with a relationship between sound and symbol to represent it
Asian writing systems are not alphabetic
Process of Reading
Describe the process of reading?
As the eye moves across the text on the page, it experiences saccades (small jumps) and fixations (landings)
Jumps backward by regressions
Process of reading
What is the average time of a
- saccade
- fixation
- regression
What does this rely on?
Saccade averages 20 and 50ms
fixation 150ms to 1 sec or more depending on content
Regression depends on content
The more complex the content i.e unfamiliar words, long sentences
Reading ability
Reading Process
How are saccades and fixations measured?
The moving window technique by observing where the fixations occur more frequently (the type of information the eye lands on), the speed, width
Eye tracker - follows eye movements
Models of Reading
What is the most influential model of reading?
The most influential model of reading and word recognition is the dual route model
Model of Reading
What routes does the dual route model of reading and word recognition contain?
•The model consists of 3 routes
–The lexical semantic route
–The lexical non-semantic route
–The GPC (Grapheme-to-phoneme [i.e., sounding out]) route
Model of reading
How does the GPC route work?
applying known
rules of language sounds (phoneme)
letter combinations
(grapheme).
How do we recognise new words by using the dual route model?
The word is processed by the Othortographic (visual analysis)
Goes down either
- Direct Lexical Access –> Response buffer–> speech
- GPC rules –> response buffer –> speech
Model of Reading
Dual Route Model
What route is taken for frequent words?
Direct lexicon access
Model of Reading
Dual Route Model
What route is taken for non-words?
GPC Rules because one will need to sound out the letters to pronounce the word
Model of Reading
Dual Route Model
What patient needs to use the direct lexicon access?
patients with
Acquired Phonological Alexia and need to access lexical representation
Model of reading
Dual route model
What patient uses GPC rules?
A patient who has acquired surface alexia
tries to sound out words
What is the best way to teacher children to read?
- exposure to different reading material
- use of pictures
- maintain interest through various teaching methods
To develop lexical route, use ‘whole word’ methods
- essential to teach phonics after instruction in alphabet to develop phonological route
Word identification problem
how long does it take reader to identify word?
HOw?
Typical reader takes 2 to 3 seconds to identify word
Lines and edges are combined to form letters, these letters are combined to form words. Then the lexical entry is accessed to identify word
This demonstrates reading is Dependent on top down process
The dilemma for reading
What does the word superiority effect suggest?
experienced readers read whole words rather than individual letters
spelling does not matter
According to neuroimaging, which areas of the brain are activiated during reading?
Neuroimaging techniques such as mRI, fMRI, PET identifies
- VI (Visual analysis)
- Broca’s area (phonological recoding)
•Inferior frontal and mid temporal areas (semantic encoding)
•Posterior parietal (phonological recoding/integration)
These areas of the brain communicate
What is alexia and what is agraphia?
- Alexia = the loss of the ability to read as a consequence of brain damage
- Agraphia = the loss of the ability to spell as a consequence of brain damage
What are types of alexia and agraphias?
- Phonological Alexia v’s Phonological Agraphia
- Surface Alexia v’s Phonological Agraphia
