Learning Flashcards
what is the classical conditioning type of associative learning?
type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
what is the conditioned response?
one that is being learned
how are phobias developed in regards to classic conditioning?
Phobias not due to exposure to the feared object. The object is exposed in a fearful environment. For example dark loud noise is combined with spider which causes the conditioned response of fear
what is operant conditioning
Learning occurs when animal modifies behaviour in response to consequences of his behaviour
Describe reinforcement in operant conditioning
Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response strengthens the tendency to make that response. Encourages behaviour
**i.e an incentive **
Acquisition and Shaping in Operant Conditioning
. In shaping, the learner acquires more complex behaviours through the gradual, orderly reinforcement of smaller component responses.
Extinction in operant conditioning
an initial increase in the target behaviour before it eventually stops.
Schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning:
schedules of reinforcement is applied can drastically influence the pattern of target behaviour
reinforcer may not be a reinforcement at certain times. eg. food when not hungry
allows the experimentor or trainer to control the timing and frequency of reinforcement in order to elicit a target behavior series from a participant.
Schedules of reinforcement
–Continuous reinforcement
–Partial reinforcement •
Fixed Ratio
- Variable ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
Schedules of reinforcement
what is continous reinforcement
reinforced everytime they perform the desired behaviour
Continuous reinforcement is not particularly
durable i.e., behaviour stops pretty quickly after the
reinforcer stops
schedules of reinforcement
partial reinforcement
only reward the behavior after certain ratios or intervals of responses.Behaviour associated with a **partial reinforcement **scheduleis generally much more durable and resistantto extinction than with continuous _**_reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement schedules
Fixed ratio and fixed interval
•Fixed Ratio –enact an amount of reinforcement that is proportionate to the number of responses, such that a larger number of responses overtime will receive a larger amount of reinforcement. (e.g., payment by commission)
•Fixed Interval –given time period during which the subject is reinforced only once, regardless of the amount of additional responses from the subject. eg. wages
partial reinforcement schedules
-variable ratio and interval
- Variable Ratio –Reinforcement occurs at random trial intervals do not guarantee reinforcement in the same set pattern as in fixed ratio schedules(e.g., the pokies)
- Variable Interval – time period to fluctuate, but maintain an average length of time used for reinforcement (fishing)
through ___ you an associate new conditioned stimulus with conditioned response
•Through experience you then come to associate a new CS with the CR (the old UCR).
operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement occurs when a behaviour
is reinforced or increased by the removal of an
** unpleasant stimulus**
eg. turning on the heater to stop the cold
operative conditioning
•Reinforcement and escape learning.
Escape learning occurs when the animal learns to anticipate the aversive stimuli and act to avoid it
eg. phobias
operant conditioning
punishment
punishment is when a subsequent stimuli suppresses preceding behaviour
suppresing target behaviour
what is positive punishment
Positive punishment is the administration of a noxious stimuli that results in a decrease in preceding behaviour
eg. hitting a child
what is negative punishment
•Negative punishment is the removal of a positive stimulus resulting in a decrease in the preceding behaviour (e.g., the removal of TV-watching privileges)
How to make punishment effective
–Fast after the event (delays between behaviour and punishment = fear of the administrator)
–Consistent (inconsistent punishment can result in learned helplessness)
–Just strong enough to suppress the behaviour (excessive punishment = increase is side effects)
–Best when an alternative behaviour is available
what are side effects of poorly administered punishment?
–Suppression of all behaviour
– “freezing”
–Triggering of strong emotions such as fear, anxiety
–Fear of the administrator rather then the stimuli
–Triggers aggressive behaviour
–Learned helplessness
why is punishment less effective in behaviour modification?
presence of side effects
can associations
be generated between virtually any stimulus
and response?
not for food. easy to generate association between food and nausea but not other aversive stimuli
in terms of biologically constrained learning, describe instinctive drift
–Animals will drift back to their instinctive behaviour It is easier to associate a fear response to a spider than a flower
animal’s **innate **response interferes with learning
describe observational learning
- when responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models.
- Observational learning demonstrated that both classical and operant conditioning can occur just by observing a model
give an example of observational learning
•Bandura was the leader in this research, demonstrating that children imitate aggressive behaviour they have recently witness
what is positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement is the addition of an appetitive stimulus to increase a certain behavior or response
do ratios or intervals elicit more responses
In general, ratio schedules consistently elicit higher response rates than interval schedules because of their predictability.
Variable schedules are categorically less-predictable so they tend to resist extinction and encourage continued behavior
how to overcome phobia
- Systematic desensitization
small incremental changes in behavior. Such as a book with picture of spider. Until they are calm. Work on reducing anxiety
