Learning Flashcards
what is the classical conditioning type of associative learning?
type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
what is the conditioned response?
one that is being learned
how are phobias developed in regards to classic conditioning?
Phobias not due to exposure to the feared object. The object is exposed in a fearful environment. For example dark loud noise is combined with spider which causes the conditioned response of fear
what is operant conditioning
Learning occurs when animal modifies behaviour in response to consequences of his behaviour
Describe reinforcement in operant conditioning
Reinforcement occurs when an event following a response strengthens the tendency to make that response. Encourages behaviour
**i.e an incentive **
Acquisition and Shaping in Operant Conditioning
. In shaping, the learner acquires more complex behaviours through the gradual, orderly reinforcement of smaller component responses.
Extinction in operant conditioning
an initial increase in the target behaviour before it eventually stops.
Schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning:
schedules of reinforcement is applied can drastically influence the pattern of target behaviour
reinforcer may not be a reinforcement at certain times. eg. food when not hungry
allows the experimentor or trainer to control the timing and frequency of reinforcement in order to elicit a target behavior series from a participant.
Schedules of reinforcement
–Continuous reinforcement
–Partial reinforcement •
Fixed Ratio
- Variable ratio
- Fixed Interval
- Variable Interval
Schedules of reinforcement
what is continous reinforcement
reinforced everytime they perform the desired behaviour
Continuous reinforcement is not particularly
durable i.e., behaviour stops pretty quickly after the
reinforcer stops
schedules of reinforcement
partial reinforcement
only reward the behavior after certain ratios or intervals of responses.Behaviour associated with a **partial reinforcement **scheduleis generally much more durable and resistantto extinction than with continuous _**_reinforcement.
Partial reinforcement schedules
Fixed ratio and fixed interval
•Fixed Ratio –enact an amount of reinforcement that is proportionate to the number of responses, such that a larger number of responses overtime will receive a larger amount of reinforcement. (e.g., payment by commission)
•Fixed Interval –given time period during which the subject is reinforced only once, regardless of the amount of additional responses from the subject. eg. wages
partial reinforcement schedules
-variable ratio and interval
- Variable Ratio –Reinforcement occurs at random trial intervals do not guarantee reinforcement in the same set pattern as in fixed ratio schedules(e.g., the pokies)
- Variable Interval – time period to fluctuate, but maintain an average length of time used for reinforcement (fishing)
through ___ you an associate new conditioned stimulus with conditioned response
•Through experience you then come to associate a new CS with the CR (the old UCR).
operant conditioning, what is negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement occurs when a behaviour
is reinforced or increased by the removal of an
** unpleasant stimulus**
eg. turning on the heater to stop the cold
