Wound healing

Question 1

Angiogenesis process

direction of which the blood vessels grow
why is oxygen needed fro fibroblasts

Answer 1

the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis
Blood vessels grow to more oxygen rich environments

oxygen is needed for fibroblasts to produce collagen

Question 2

Fibroplasia

Answer 2

the process of forming fibrous tissue
Fibroblasts move to wound site and replicate activated by macrophages
synthesis of ECM and collagen

Question 3

Epithelialization

Answer 3

process where epithelial cells migrate upwards and repair the wounded area

new layer is weak

Question 4

4 stages of proliferation

Answer 4

Angiogenesis
Fibroplasia
Epithelialization
Contraction

Question 5

Necrosis

Answer 5

premature death of cells in living tissue

Question 6

autolysis

Answer 6

refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes

Question 7

cutaneous

Answer 7

relating to or affecting the skin.

Question 8

First stage of wound healing and how long does it take

Answer 8

Heamostasis and seconds to hours

Question 9

Second stage of wound healing is …. and how long

Answer 9

Inflammation and Hours to days

Question 10

What happens in the process of inflammation?

Answer 10

Damaged cells release cytokines causing vasodilation and attract of the 5 key cells/ infiltrating cells

Neutrophils - phagocytose bacteria and debris
macrophages - debridement(clean the wound) and release stimulatory signals
scab

Question 11

In the inflammation stage a scab is formed , what makes up this scab?

Answer 11

Blood clots and dead macrophages

Question 12

Third stage of wound healing and how long

Answer 12

proliferation - days to weeks

Question 13

Fourth stage of wound healing and how long

Answer 13

remodelling - 3weeks to year

Question 14

contraction phase of proliferation

Answer 14

fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts that produce contractile proteins pulling the edge of the wound together.

Question 15

What happens in remodelling?

Answer 15

formation of new granulation tissue stops and new blood vessels are formed however they are of different colour due to vessel density

Question 16

What are the two main factors of wound healing?

Answer 16

Local or systemic

Question 17

What are some local factors about wound healing?

Answer 17

pressure on wound
poor blood supply - o2
dehydration at wound site

Question 18

What are some systemic factors about wound healing

Answer 18

old age
smoking
immunosuppresion

Question 19

When does primary intention occur?

Answer 19

Wounds with dermal edges that are close together

Question 20

Secondary intention?

Answer 20

sides of the wound are not imposed

Question 21

What is a keloid scar?

Answer 21

excessive collagen production leading to extensive scaring

Question 22

Adhesions

Answer 22

bridging with new tissue as wound heals

Question 23

What is the endgame of the clotting cascade

Answer 23

to convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

Question 24

What are the vitamin K dependent stages of the clothing cascade

Answer 24

1972

Question 25

Vitamin k deficiency as liver makes vitamin K Malabsorption of nutrients from the gut too can cause what

Answer 25

liver disease

Question 26

What is Haemophilia

Answer 26

Excessive bleeding into joints can cause arthropathy(disease of the joints) and into muscles can cause hematomas. Increase in pressure can lead to nerve palsies and compartment syndrome. x linked recessive disorder

Question 27

Heamophilia A affects which clotting factor

Answer 27

8

Question 28

Haemophilia B affects which clotting factor

Answer 28

9

Question 29

VWF which factor does it affect and how

Answer 29

Defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) which binds clotting factor VIII and platelets in the vessel wall Autosomal dominant genetic disorder (Three types) and can also be acquired from an autoimmune response

Question 30

How long for a Acute illness

Answer 30

under 3 weeks

Question 31

Chronic illness how long

Answer 31

over 6 weeks

Question 32

what is inflammation a response to

Answer 32

response of living tissue to injury

Question 33

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 33

``` Calor dolor tumor rubor - erethyma loss of function ```

Question 34

If you are worried about infection what test do you carry

Answer 34

CRP test

Question 35

In acute inflammation neutrophils accumulate, in chronic inflammation what WBCs accumulate?

Answer 35

macrophages and leukocytes

Question 36

Difference in rates of C reactive protein production in chronic and acute inflammation

Answer 36

Increases Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) & C reactive Protein (CRP) in acute C reactive Protein (CRP) will be less increased in chronic

Question 37

Causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 37

Untreated causes of acute inflammation- infection or injury Autoimmune disorder Long-term exposure to irritants, such as industrial chemicals or polluted air

Question 38

Risk factors for chronic inflammation

Answer 38

Smoking obesity alcohol chronic stress

Question 39

indications of acute inflammation

Answer 39

Malaise, pain, fever and rapid pulse rate