Wound healing Flashcards
Angiogenesis process
direction of which the blood vessels grow
why is oxygen needed fro fibroblasts
the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels, formed in the earlier stage of vasculogenesis
Blood vessels grow to more oxygen rich environments
oxygen is needed for fibroblasts to produce collagen
Fibroplasia
the process of forming fibrous tissue
Fibroblasts move to wound site and replicate activated by macrophages
synthesis of ECM and collagen
Epithelialization
process where epithelial cells migrate upwards and repair the wounded area
new layer is weak
4 stages of proliferation
Angiogenesis
Fibroplasia
Epithelialization
Contraction
Necrosis
premature death of cells in living tissue
autolysis
refers to the destruction of a cell through the action of its own enzymes
cutaneous
relating to or affecting the skin.
First stage of wound healing and how long does it take
Heamostasis and seconds to hours
Second stage of wound healing is …. and how long
Inflammation and Hours to days
What happens in the process of inflammation?
Damaged cells release cytokines causing vasodilation and attract of the 5 key cells/ infiltrating cells
Neutrophils - phagocytose bacteria and debris
macrophages - debridement(clean the wound) and release stimulatory signals
scab
In the inflammation stage a scab is formed , what makes up this scab?
Blood clots and dead macrophages
Third stage of wound healing and how long
proliferation - days to weeks
Fourth stage of wound healing and how long
remodelling - 3weeks to year
contraction phase of proliferation
fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts that produce contractile proteins pulling the edge of the wound together.
What happens in remodelling?
formation of new granulation tissue stops and new blood vessels are formed however they are of different colour due to vessel density
What are the two main factors of wound healing?
Local or systemic
What are some local factors about wound healing?
pressure on wound
poor blood supply - o2
dehydration at wound site
What are some systemic factors about wound healing
old age
smoking
immunosuppresion
When does primary intention occur?
Wounds with dermal edges that are close together
Secondary intention?
sides of the wound are not imposed
What is a keloid scar?
excessive collagen production leading to extensive scaring
Adhesions
bridging with new tissue as wound heals
What is the endgame of the clotting cascade
to convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
What are the vitamin K dependent stages of the clothing cascade
1972
Vitamin k deficiency as liver makes vitamin K
Malabsorption of nutrients from the gut too
can cause what
liver disease
What is Haemophilia
Excessive bleeding into joints can cause arthropathy(disease of the joints) and into muscles can cause hematomas. Increase in pressure can lead to nerve palsies and compartment syndrome.
x linked recessive disorder
Heamophilia A affects which clotting factor
8
Haemophilia B affects which clotting factor
9
VWF which factor does it affect and how
Defective von Willebrand factor (VWF) which binds clotting factor VIII and platelets in the vessel wall
Autosomal dominant genetic disorder (Three types) and can also be acquired from an autoimmune response
How long for a Acute illness
under 3 weeks
Chronic illness how long
over 6 weeks
what is inflammation a response to
response of living tissue to injury
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
Calor dolor tumor rubor - erethyma loss of function
If you are worried about infection what test do you carry
CRP test
In acute inflammation neutrophils accumulate, in chronic inflammation what WBCs accumulate?
macrophages and leukocytes
Difference in rates of C reactive protein production in chronic and acute inflammation
Increases Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) & C reactive Protein (CRP) in acute
C reactive Protein (CRP) will be less increased in chronic
Causes of chronic inflammation
Untreated causes of acute inflammation- infection or injury
Autoimmune disorder
Long-term exposure to irritants, such as industrial chemicals or polluted air
Risk factors for chronic inflammation
Smoking
obesity
alcohol
chronic stress
indications of acute inflammation
Malaise, pain, fever and rapid pulse rate
