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Immune and Lymphatic System > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Physical barriers

A

skin
Mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory tract, GI tract, and urinary tract
Bronchial Cilia

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2
Q

chemical barriers

A

The relatively low pH of parts of the body.
Skin – pH 5.5 Gastric acid – pH 1-3 Vagina – pH 4.4
Antimicrobial molecules.
IgA – present in tears, saliva and mucous membranes
Lysozyme – present in sebum, perspiration and urine
Mucus – present in mucous membranes
Beta-defensins – present in epithelia
Pepsin – present in the gastrointestinal tract

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3
Q

biological barriers

A

Normal flora compete with pathogens for attachment sites and resources, and may even produce antimicrobial chemicals. In addition to this, a number of them also produce essential vitamins, such as Vitamin K and B12.
found within: Nasopharynx. Mouth and throat Skin GI tract Vagina

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4
Q

physiological barreies -expel from body

A 
processes that occur in response to pathogens in order to remove them from the system these barriers are:
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Coughing
Sneezing
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5
Q

Innate cells have PRR( pattern recognition receptors) and recognise what

A

PAMP( pathogen associated molecular pattern

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6
Q

Role of CRP

A

coats pathogens and makes more visible to phagocytes

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7
Q

What is the complement system

A

system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen based antibodies

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8
Q

C3b

A

Opsonin

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9
Q

C5a

A

chemotaxis and attraction of macrophages and neutrophils and also activate mast cells along with C3a

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10
Q

C3a, (C4a + C5a)

A

bind to mast cells/basophils which causes degranulation. Histamine and serotonin increase vascular permeability. Promotes pro-inflammatory cytokines

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11
Q

What is MAC ( membrane attack complex )

and what type of pathogen can it not attack

A

ruptures bacterial cell wall which leads to cell lysis (although not in gram positive bacteria or fungi)

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12
Q

Briefly describe classical pathway

A

C1q binds to pathogen or antigen-antibody complex forms C3 covertase which splits C3 into C3a and C3b

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13
Q

briefly describe the lectin pathway

A

manse binding lectin binds to mannose(carb) on pathogen surface forms C3 covertase etc

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14
Q

briefly describe the alternative pathway

A

C3b joins with another factor to make C3 covertase

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15
Q

Autocrine

A

cytokine back to molecular mole of same cell

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16
Q

Paracrine

A

CT local tissue - another cell

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17
Q

endocrine

A

bloodstream

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18
Q

What interleukin activates T helper 1 cells from naive T cells

A

IL-12

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19
Q

What interleukin activates t helper 2 cells from naive T cells

A

Il-4

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20
Q

4 steps of gram staining

A

application of crystal violet dye - purple
application of iodine
alcohol wash for decolorisation
application of sarfarin which is a counter stain so turns pink

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21
Q

What is a retrovirus such as HIV

A

retrovirus, meaning it carries the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which allows the infected cell (often a T lymphocyte) to make virus DNA from virus RNA. The DNA is then inserted into the cell’s own DNA and acts as a gene.

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22
Q

What is active immunity

A

Immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or from getting a vaccine

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23
Q

What is passive immunity

A

Immunity you acquire from someone or something else

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24
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Antibodies made after exposure to an infection

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25
Q

artificial active immunity

A

Antibodies made after getting a vaccination

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26
Q

natural passive immunity

A

Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby (eg: via mothers milk)

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27
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine

28
Q

What type of T cell is defence against intracellular bacteria and viruses - cell mediated response ( started by a cell)

A

T helper 1 cell

29
Q

Which type of T cell is defence against extracellular bacteria and parasites ( humeral mediated response)

A

T helper 2 cell

30
Q

Which type of T cell is involved in the pro inflammatory response and involved in chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease?

A

T helper 17 cell

31
Q

What interleukin activates t helper 17 cells

A

IL-6

32
Q

Which MHC molecule to CD8 killer cells recognise viral infected host cell

A

MHC-1

33
Q

What cells are MHC-11 on

A

Dendritic, naive T cell , Th2 cell, activated B cell, plasma cells

34
Q

What cells are MHC -1 on

A

all nucleated cells

35
Q

CD8 killer cells use perforin and gramenzymes what do theses do>

A

punch hols in the CM and destroy the cell

36
Q

What type of cells down regulates TH1 and TH2, stopping activation and return to normal ( IL-10)

A

T-reg cells

37
Q

What cells do Th1 cells activate and with what cytokines activate them?

A

B cell- IFN-gamma then goes to plasma cell
marcrophage - IFn-gamma
Nk cell - IFN-gamma, IL-2
CB8 cell( cytotoxic) - IFN-gamma, IL-2

38
Q

What cells to TH2 activate and with what cytokines activate them?

A

naive B cell - IL4 - plasma cells and IgE
macrophage -IL4
eosinophil -IL3
basophil, mast cell -IL3

39
Q

5 types of antibodies

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig) M – secreted first and has 10 potential binding sites

IgG – highest opsonization and neutralisation rate. Most abundant and produced secondary to IgM

IgA – expressed in mucosal tissues, serum, saliva, breast milk and intestinal fluid. Forms dimers after secretion

IgE – rare and only responds to parasites and allergies

IgD – functions unknown

40
Q

What is the most abundant antibody?

A

IgG

41
Q

What anybody is secreted first?

A

IgM

42
Q

What antibody is secreted in breast milk?

A

IgA

43
Q

Functions of antibodies (3)

A

Opsonisation: Binding of an antibody to an epitope on a pathogen, attracting phagocytes
Neutralisation: Bind to toxins and blocks pathogens from entering the cell
Agglutination: Antibody binds to more than one pathogen causing an eventual build up, this makes phagocytosis easier

44
Q

where does T cell selection and tolerance occur

A

In the thymus to prevent autoimmune disease

45
Q

TH1 Cells release IFN-gamma what does this do ?

A

activates B cells to make plasma cells - cell mediated response

46
Q

How do TREG cells stop/turn off immune system

A

by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines

47
Q

where do B cells develop and mature

A

bone marrow

48
Q

What does B cell tolerance prevent

A

attacking self tissue

49
Q

What is anergy

A

frozen state before cell apotosis

50
Q

What cell and how does it change the type of antibody produce from IgM to IgG

A

isotope switching with Th2 tell activated B cells via cytokines

51
Q

4 roles of antibodies

A

Toxin and pathogen neutralisation - prevents toxin damaging tissues and pathogen entering cell
Pathogen opsonisation - highlights
antibodies and acute inflammation - activation of complement and in turn masts ells which release chemicals causing inflammation
Antibody mediated cell toxicity - cytotoxic cells bind to anybody and release enzymes for apoptosis

52
Q

Where Is the antibody IgE found

A

connective tissue and mast cell

53
Q

what antibody produced first in second response

A

IgG

54
Q

how are memory cells made?

A

clonal expansion in semi-active state

55
Q

function of acute phase proteins made in the liver? Il-6

A

primarily opsonisation

56
Q

The pattern recognition receptors on macrophages recognise what on bacteria

A

PAMPS- pathogen - associated molecular pattern

57
Q

4 stages of phagocytosis

A

attachment
ingestion
killing
degradation

58
Q

what is an oxidative burst

A

neutrophils kill microbes by the production of reactive oxygen species

59
Q

what cytokines Activating T cells- Cell mediated response

A

IL-12
IL-2
Interferon-IFN-γ
Tumour Necrosis Factor- TNF-α

60
Q

what cytokines Antibody production- Humoral response

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13

61
Q

what cytokines Anti- inflammatory

Turn off the cells

A

IL-10

Transforming Growth Factor-TGF-β

62
Q

C5b-9

A

lysis of microbe

63
Q

what are acute phase proteins

A

bacteria induce macrophages which IL-6 which acts on hepatocytes in the liver and induce synthesis of acute phase proteins

mannan binding lectin binds mannose residues on bacterial surface so acts as an opsonin
also CRP

64
Q

which cells have an MHC 2 molecule

A

Antigen presenting cells- Dendritic cells, Macrophages, B cells

65
Q

what is this the process of
Dendritic cell to CD4 interaction
activated T cell to B cell interaction - MHC 11
activated T cell to B cell interaction via isotope switching

A

B cell activation

Immune and Lymphatic System (19 decks)

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